Scribd
Upload
26 views25 pages

Lecture 1

The document discusses properties of liquids including surface tension, methods to determine surface tension such as capillary rise and drop weight methods, and applications of surface tension. It also discusses parachor values and how they can be used to elucidate chemical structures.

Uploaded by

Sayed Ali Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views25 pages

Lecture 1

The document discusses properties of liquids including surface tension, methods to determine surface tension such as capillary rise and drop weight methods, and applications of surface tension. It also discusses parachor values and how they can be used to elucidate chemical structures.

Uploaded by

Sayed Ali Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Lecture 1

• Properties of liquid
• Surface tension
• Determination of surface tension
• Parachor and structure elucidation
Properties of liquids
• Liquids state is intermediate between solid and
gases.
• Liquids do not have definite shape.
• Molecules of liquids have intermediate order of
cohesive forces.
• Liquids resembles solids in terms of
compressibility and density.
• In liquids there is little space between
molecules.
Figure 1: Relative spacing between molecules in solids , liquids and gases.
• The compactness and cohesion observed in
liquids are like solids and random motion of
molecules is like that occur in gases.

Q: write down the properties of liquids?


Surface tension
• Surface tension is another property of the
liquid related to intermolecular forces.
What do you see?
• Surface tension is defined as “force in newton
acting at right angles along the surface of a
liquid one meter in length”.
• It is represented by “ɣ” (gamma).
• Units
Dynes cm-1 or ergs cm -2
Nm-1 or Jm -2
Do you know? 1 dyne cm-1 = 10-3 Nm -1
Capillary Action
• Which liquid wets the surface of the solid,
depends upon the interaction between the
liquid molecules and solid surface.

• Contact angle (θ)


“the contact angle is angle between the tangent
to the liquid surface at the point of contact and
the solid surface inside the liquid”
• Its values ranges between 0ᵒ to 180ᵒ.
• If value is less than 90ᵒ, the liquid wets the
surface of the solid.
• If value is greater than 90ᵒ,the liquid does not
wet the surface.
Measurement of Surface Tension
• Capillary Rise method:
The rise or fall of liquid in the capillary tube
depends upon the surface tension.
• r =radius of capillary tube
• h = height of liquid column
• ɣ = Surface tension
Fu = Fd
The force due to surface tension is acting at the
angle θ. The upward force is equal to the vertical
component of the surface tension, i.e. ɣ Cosθ
times circumference
Fu = 2πr. ɣ Cos θ --------- (1)
The downward force is given by:

Fd = weight of the liquid column


Fd = mg = Vdg---------- (2)
Volume of the liquid in the column is V= πr2h
At height “h”
Fu= Fd
So, 2πr. ɣ Cos θ = πr2hdg
Now simplify:
ɣ = rhdg/2Cosθ
If , θ = 0ᵒ
Then,
ɣ = rhdg/2
Numerical
• The radius of a capillary tube is 1.05 x 10-4 m.
Density of liquid is 0.80 g/cm3 rises to a height
of 6.25 x 10-2 m. calculate surface tension.
(θ=0ᵒ).
The Drop Weight Method
• In this method the liquid whose surface
tension is to be measured is allowed to pass
through a capillary tube held vertically.
• The liquid that comes out of the capillary tube
assumes a spherical shape and has some
definite weight.
• When the wt of drop becomes equal to
surface tension, acting along the
circumference of the tube, it falls down.
• There fore,
ɣ 2πr = W = mg = Vdg----1
This method is generally used for comparison.
The instrument used to determine surface
tension is called “stalagmometer”.
Stalagmometer is a bulbed capillary tube, it is filled upto mark A with the
liquid. The liquid is then allowed to fall slowly, in the form of drops which are
collected in the weighing bottle, the rate at which drops fall is adjusted in such
a way, that every drop falls after 3 sec.
If W1 and W2 are the weights of 10 drops of two liquids , and ɣ1 and ɣ2 are
their surface tension then,
ɣ1 / ɣ2 = W1 / W2 -------(1)
• It is more convenient to determine the number of drops of fixed
volume of liquid than to determine weight.
If n1 and n2 are the number of drops of two liquids and d1 and d2
are their densities. Then average weight of liquid drops is
W1 = m1g/n1= Vd1g/n1

W2= Vd2g/n2
putting the values of W1 and W2 in the following equation:
ɣ1 / ɣ2 = W1 / W2 -------(1)
We get

ɣ1 / ɣ2 = d1 n2 /n1d2
Numerical
• At 293 K, 10-2 dm3 of water formed 29 drops,
and the same volume of other liquid formed
86 drops in the same stalagmometer. Density
of organic liquid is 0.7 g/cm3 and water is 1
g/cm3. The surface tension of water is 7.2 x
10-2 Nm-1.determine the surface tension of
organic liquid?
Surface Tension and Chemical Constitution-
Parachor
• The empirical relationship between surface tension
and density for normal liquids is given by D.B Macleod
in 1923:
Ɣ 1/4 / D-d = C
Where,
D = Density of liquid
d = Density of vapours
C= Constant, is independent of temperature for non-
associated liquids and increases for associated liquid,
with rise in temperature.
• Sudgen (1924) multiplied the Macleod equation with
molecular mass and obtained a new constant called Parachor.

MƔ 1/4 / D-d = MC = [P]

At temperature below critical temperature D>>d, So


MƔ 1/4 / D = [P]
M/D is molar volume (Vm)of liquid,if surface tension = 1, then
[P]= Vm
So, Parachor is defined as the molar volume of the liquid at a
temperature where its surface tension is unity.
Parachor is both additive and constitutive property, it value is
expressed as two sets of constants.
Numerical
• The surface tension of benzene is 29.2 dynes /
cm, its density is 0.88 g/cm3.Calculate its
parachor value?
Application of Parachor value to elucidate
the structure
• Structure of benzene
To calculate the parachor value of benzene
6C = 6X 4.8= 28.8
6H= 6X 17.1= 102.6
3 Double bonds = 3x 23.3 = 69.6
1 ring =1x 6.1 = 6.1
Total : 207.1
Observed parachor value = 206.4
So,………..
Structure of Quinone

[P]= 236.1

[P]= 219.0

Observed value = 236.8


• Position of substituent doesnot change the
parachor value.
• The observed value of o-chlorotoluene is
280.8 and for p-chlorotoluene is 283.6 and
theoretical value for both isomers is same that
is 283.3.
Applications of Surface tension
• Cleansing action of soap
• Tooth paste
• Nasal jellies
• Mouth washes
• Look for more………..

You might also like