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DBMS

The document discusses distributed databases, which consist of database files located across multiple physical locations and network sites. It describes homogeneous and heterogeneous distributed databases, and covers distributed data storage techniques including data replication and fragmentation. Replication stores duplicate data across sites for availability and parallelism while fragmentation divides relations into fragments stored at different sites.

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17 views17 pages

DBMS

The document discusses distributed databases, which consist of database files located across multiple physical locations and network sites. It describes homogeneous and heterogeneous distributed databases, and covers distributed data storage techniques including data replication and fragmentation. Replication stores duplicate data across sites for availability and parallelism while fragmentation divides relations into fragments stored at different sites.

Uploaded by

prakashck644
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECAP011

Database Management Systems

Dr. Pritpal Singh


Associate Professor
Learning
Outcome

After this lecture, you would be able to


• understand basic of Distributed databases in DBMS.
Distributed database

A distributed database is a database that consists of two or


more files located in different sites either on the same
network or on entirely different networks. Portions of
the database are stored in multiple physical locations and
processing is distributed among multiple database nodes.
Distributed Database System

• A distributed database system consists of loosely


coupled sites that share no physical component
• Database systems that run on each site are independent
of each other
• Transactions may access data at one or more sites
Homogeneous Distributed Databases

In a homogeneous distributed database


– All sites have identical software
– Are aware of each other and agree to cooperate in
processing user requests.
– Each site surrenders part of its autonomy in terms of
right to change schemas or software
– Appears to user as a single system
Heterogeneous distributed database

In a heterogeneous distributed database


– Different sites may use different schemas and software
• Difference in schema is a major problem for query
processing
• Difference in software is a major problem for transaction
processing
Heterogeneous distributed database

In a heterogeneous distributed database


– Sites may not be aware of each other and may provide
only limited facilities for cooperation in transaction
processing
Distributed Data Storage

• Replication
– System maintains multiple copies of data, stored in different
sites, for faster retrieval and fault tolerance.

• Fragmentation
– Relation is partitioned into several fragments stored in distinct
sites
Distributed Data Storage

Replication and fragmentation can be combined


– Relation is partitioned into several fragments: system
maintains several identical replicas of each such fragment.
Data Replication

• A relation or fragment of a relation is replicated if it


is stored redundantly in two or more sites.
• Full replication of a relation is the case where the
relation is stored at all sites.
• Fully redundant databases are those in which every
site contains a copy of the entire database.
Advantages of Replication

Advantages of Replication
– Availability: failure of site containing relation r does not
result in unavailability of r is replicas exist.
– Parallelism: queries on r may be processed by several
nodes in parallel.
– Reduced data transfer: relation r is available locally at
each site containing a replica of r.
Disadvantages of Replication

Advantages of Replication
– Increased cost of updates: each replica of relation r must be
updated.
– Increased complexity of concurrency control: concurrent
updates to distinct replicas may lead to inconsistent data
unless special concurrency control mechanisms are
implemented.
One solution: choose one copy as primary copy and apply
concurrency control operations on primary copy
Data Fragmentation

• Division of relation r into fragments r1, r2, …, rn which


contain sufficient information to reconstruct relation r.
• Horizontal fragmentation: each tuple of r is assigned to
one or more fragments
Data Fragmentation

Vertical fragmentation: the schema for relation r is split


into several smaller schemas
– All schemas must contain a common candidate key (or
superkey) to ensure lossless join property.
– A special attribute, the tuple-id attribute may be added to
each schema to serve as a candidate key.
Advantages of Fragmentation

Horizontal:
– allows parallel processing on fragments of a
relation
– allows a relation to be split so that tuples are
located where they are most frequently accessed
Advantages of Fragmentation

Vertical:
– allows tuples to be split so that each part of the tuple
is stored where it is most frequently accessed
– tuple-id attribute allows efficient joining of vertical
fragments
– allows parallel processing on a relation
That’s all for now…

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