1.

Number Systems
In a digital system, the system can understand only the optional
number system. In these systems, digits symbols are used to represent
different values, depending on the index from which it settled in the
number system.
In simple terms, for representing the information, we use the number
system in the digital system.
The digit value in the number system is calculated using:
1.The digit
2.The index, where the digit is present in the number.
3.Finally, the base numbers, the total number of digits available in the
number system.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Type of Number Systems
In the digital computer, there are various types of number
systems used for representing information.
1.Binary Number System
2.Decimal Number System
3.Hexadecimal Number System
4.Octal Number System

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary Number Systems
Generally, a binary number system is used in the digital computers. In
this number system, it carries only two digits, either 0 or 1. There are
two types of electronic pulses present in a binary number system. The
first one is the absence of an electronic pulse representing '0'and
second one is the presence of electronic pulse representing '1'. Each
digit is known as a bit. A four-bit collection (1101) is known as a
nibble, and a collection of eight bits (11001010) is known as a byte.

1.It holds only two values, i.e., either 0 or 1.

2.It is also known as the base 2 number system.
3.The position of a digit represents the 0 power of the base(2).
Example: 20
4.The position of the last digit represents the x power of the base(2).
Example: 2x, where x represents the last position, i.e., 1

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal Number Systems
The decimal numbers are used in our day to day life. The decimal
number system contains ten digits from 0 to 9(base 10). The position
in the decimal number system specifies the power of the base (10).
The 0 is the minimum value of the digit, and 9 is the maximum
value of the digit. For example, 2541 is a decimal number.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal Number Systems
The octal number system has base 8(means it has only eight digits
from 0 to 7). There are only eight possible digit values to represent a
number. With the help of only three bits, an octal number is
represented. Each set of bits has a distinct value between 0 and 7.

1. An octal number system carries eight digits starting from 0, 1, 2,

3….7.
2. It is also known as the base 8 number system.
3. The position of a digit represents the 0 power of the base(8).
Example: 80
4. The position of the last digit represents the x power of the base(8).
Example: 8x, where x represents the last position, i.e., 1

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal Number Systems
It is another technique to represent the number in the digital system called
the hexadecimal number system. The number system has a base of 16 means
there are total 16 symbols(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F) used for
representing a number. The single-bit representation of decimal values10, 11,
12, 13, 14, and 15 are represented by A, B, C, D, E, and F. Only 4 bits are
required for representing a number in a hexadecimal number. Each set of bits
has a distinct value between 0 and 15. There are the following characteristics
of the octal number system:

1. It has ten digits from 0 to 9 and 6 letters from A to F.

2. The letters from A to F defines numbers from 10 to 15.
3. It is also known as the base 16number system.
4. In hexadecimal number, the position of a digit represents the 0 power of
the base(16). Example: 160
5. In hexadecimal number, the position of the last digit represents the x
power of the base(16). Example: 16x, where x represents the last position,
i.e., 1

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

pp. 40-46
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

Next slide…
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 =
2
0 x 22 =
0
1 x 23 =
8
0 x 24 =
0
1 x 25 =
ITEC 1011 32 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight”
of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant
bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Exercise – Convert ...

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Common Powers (1 of 2)
• Base 10
Power Preface Symbol Value
10-12 pico p .000000000001

10-9 nano n .000000001

10-6 micro  .000001

10-3 milli m .001

103 kilo k 1000

106 mega M 1000000

109 giga G 1000000000

1012 tera T 1000000000000

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Common Powers (2 of 2)
• Base 2
Power Preface Symbol Value
210 kilo k 1024

220 mega M 1048576

230 Giga G 1073741824

• What is the value of “k”, “M”, and “G”?

• In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
In the lab…
1. Double click on My Computer
2. Right click on C:
3. Click on Properties

/ 230 =

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Exercise – Free Space
• Determine the “free space” on all drives on
a machine in the lab
Free space
Drive Bytes GB

A:
C:
D:
E:
etc.

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Review – multiplying powers
• For common bases, add powers

ab  ac = ab+c

26  210 = 216 = 65,536

or…
26  210 = 64  210 = 64k

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary Addition (1 of 2)
• Two 1-bit values

A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”

pp. 36-38
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Binary Addition (2 of 2)
• Two n-bit values
– Add individual bits
– Propagate carries
– E.g.,

1 1
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Multiplication (1 of 3)
• Decimal (just for fun)

35
x 105
175
000
35
3675

pp. 39
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Multiplication (2 of 3)
• Binary, two 1-bit values

A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Multiplication (3 of 3)
• Binary, two n-bit values
– As with decimal values
– E.g.,
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Binary to decimal

10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625

1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Binary to Octal
1. Firstly, we make pairs of three bits on both sides of the
binary point.
111 110 101 011.001 1
On the right side of the binary point, the last pair has only
one bit. To make it a complete pair of three bits, we added
two zeros on the extreme side.
111 110 101 011.001 100
2. Then, we wrote the octal digits, which correspond to each
pair.
(111110101011.0011)2=(7653.14)8

pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Binary to Hexadecimal
1. Firstly, we make pairs of four bits on both sides of the
binary point.
111 1010 1011.0011

On the left side of the binary point, the first pair has three
bits. To make it a complete pair of four bits, add one zero
on the extreme side.
0111 1010 1011.0011
2. Then, we write the hexadecimal digits, which correspond
to each pair.

(011110101011.0011)2=(7AB.3)16
pp. 46-50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Decimal to binary .14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Decimal to Octal
Example 1: (152.25)10

Step 1:
Divide the number 152 and its successive quotients with base 8.
(152)10=(230)8
Step 2:
Now perform the multiplication of 0.25 and successive fraction with base 8.
(0.25)10=(2)8
So, the octal number of the decimal number 152.25 is 230.2

Operation Quotient Remainder

152/8 19 0 Operation Result carry

19/8 2 3 0.25×8 0 2
2/8 0 2
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Decimal to Hexadecimal
Example 1: (152.25)10
Step 1:
Divide the number 152 and its successive quotients with base 8.
(152)10=(98)16
Step 2:
Now perform the multiplication of 0.25 and successive fraction
with base 16.
(0.25)10=(4)16
So, the hexadecimal number of the decimal number 152.25
is 230.4.

Operation Quotient Remainder

Operation Result carry
152/16 9 8
0.25×16 0 4
9/16 0 9
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Octal to Decimal
Example 1: (152.25)8
We write the three-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2,
and 5.
(152.25)8=(001101010.010101)2
So, the binary number of the octal number
152.25 is (001101010.010101)2

p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 • Octal to Hexadecimal
Example 1: (152.25)8
Step 1: We write the three-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2, and 5.

(152.25)8=(001101010.010101)2

So, the binary number of the octal number 152.25 is (001101010.010101)2

Step 2:
1. Now, we make pairs of four bits on both sides of the binary point.

0 0110 1010.0101 01

On the left side of the binary point, the first pair has only one digit, and on the
right side, the last pair has only two-digit. To make them complete pairs of four
bits, add zeros on extreme sides.

0000 0110 1010.0101 0100

2. Now, we write the hexadecimal digits, which correspond to each pair.

(0000 0110 1010.0101 0100)2=(6A.54)16 p. 50

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Fractions
• Hexadecimal to Decimal
Example 1: (152A.25)16
Step 1:
We multiply each digit of 152A.25 with its respective positional weight, and last
we add the products of all the bits with its weight.

(152A.25)16=(1×163)+(5×162)+(2×161)+(A×160)+(2×16-1)+(5×16-2)
(152A.25)16=(1×4096)+(5×256)+(2×16)+(10×1)+(2×16-1)+(5×16-2)
(152A.25)16=4096+1280+32+10+(2×1⁄16)+(5×1⁄256)
(152A.25)16=5418+0.125+0.125
(152A.25)16=5418.14453125
So, the decimal number of the hexadecimal number 152A.25 is 5418.14453125

p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 • Hexadecimal to Octal
Example 1: (152A.25)16
Step 1:
We write the four-bit binary digit for 1, 5, 2, A, and 5.

(152A.25)16=(0001 0101 0010 1010.0010 0101)2

So, the binary number of hexadecimal number 152A.25

is (0011010101010.010101)2
Step 2:
3. Then, we make pairs of three bits on both sides of the binary point.

001 010 100 101 010.001 001 010

4. Then, we write the octal digit, which corresponds to each pair.

(001010100101010.001001010)2=(12452.112)8
p. 50
ITEC 1011 Introduction
So, the octal number to Information
of the hexadecimal Technologies
number 152A.25 is 12452.112
 Exercise – Convert ...

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Thank you

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ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies