DIGITAL CONTROL OF DC-DC

CONVERTORS
by

ADITI GUPTA
(2022PEE5601)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Netaji Subhas University of Technology
New Delhi-110078
 Contents
• Introduction
• Literature Survey
• Gaps Identified
• Aims/Objectives of the Project
• Problem Statement/Formulation/equation
• Solution Methodology adopted/to be adopted
• Results
• Conclusions
• Future work to be done
• References
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 Introduction
• The switched mode dc-dc converters are some of the simplest power electronic
circuits which convert one level of electrical voltage into another level by
switching action. These converters have received an increasing deal of interest in
many areas.
• Many control methods are used for control of switch mode dc-dc converters and
the simple and low cost controller structure is always in demand for most
industrial and high performance applications.
• Every control method has some advantages and drawbacks due to which that
particular control method consider as a suitable control method under specific
conditions, compared to other control methods.
• The control method that gives the best performances under any conditions is
always in demand.

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 Analog methods of control
• Voltage mode control of DC-DC converters

• Current mode control of DC-DC converters

• PID Controller

• Sliding mode controllers

• Fuzzy logic controller

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 Digital methods of control
• DIGITAL PFC CONTROL BASED ON AVERAGE CURRENT MODE
CONTROL

• HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROL

• PREDICTIVE ALGORITHM FOR BOOST CONVERTER

• DIGITAL CURRENT MODE CONTROL METHOD

• CONTINUOUS TIME DIGITAL CONTROLLER FOR HIGH

FREQUENCY DC-DC CONVERTORS.

• A DIGITAL PARALLEL CURRENT MODE CONTROL ALGORITHM

FOR DC-DC CONVERTORS. 5
 Literature Survey
• Research on DC-DC converters can be traced back to thirty years ago when
the analog DC-DC converter was first modelled and analyzed in California
Institute of Technology around 1977 to 1978. [12](by Slobodan Cuk, R. D. Middlebrook )
• Since then, DC-DC converters have been flourishing in the power
management IC market due to their higher efficiency, even though linear
regulators are relatively easier to implement. [5]
• Commercial DC-DC converters are typically analog, which means that they
are controlled by analog controllers.[1]
• Digital DC-DC converters have been conceptualized rather recently and
they include the introduction of dedicated digital controller ICs.
• Since then a lot of models have have been developed to digitally control the
dc- dc convertors.[11] 6
DIGITAL PFC CONTROL BASED ON AVERAGE CURRENT MODE
CONTROL

Fig : Digital control PFC implementation based on average current mode control.
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Digital Control of Boost PFC DC-DC Converters with Predictive Control

Fig : Digital control of proposed predictive control

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A Digital Parallel Current-Mode Control Algorithm for DC–DC
Converters

Fig : Block diagram of digital controlled dc-dc convertor employing parallel current mode control.

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 Gaps Identified in analog methods

• The most used controlling methods till date are the analog ones.
Following are the drawbacks that have been identified in the current
existing techniques:
1) The compensation network is usually designed with RC and for 1MHz
or lower frequencies, the value of capacitor is large and kept off-chip.
2) The discrete nature of compensator makes it difficult to track any
variation in loop variation in loop parameters (L,C,R).
3) Does not provide any reconfigurability.
4) Speed of response is slow.

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 Aims/Objectives of the Project
Expectations:
• We aim at studying the existing analog and digital methods of controlling
the dc-dc convertors.
• Main focus will be laid on analysing various digital methods available
and also merits and demerits of each method will be discussed.
• A comparative study will be done on all the prevailing models of digital
controlling.
• Afterwards we will try and propose a new method of controlling which
can overcome the demerits of the existing model.

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Analysis of different control methods of DC-
DC convertors

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Method 1 : Predictive voltage control

S=1

S=0

Fig : Boost convertor topology

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Solution methodology adopted

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 Method 2 : Voltage and current control
Explanation

● From the previous method we have analyzed that the predictive method of control is an excellent method of control barring
only one complication that lies in the solution methodology of the method.
● Any error committed while calculating the duty cycle in the predictive manner will cost us on the final answer.
● Therefore a high precision is required while calculating the predictive duty cycle.
● So now we have come up with a dual method of controlling the dc-dc convertors.
● This method is known as the Dual control method - Voltage and Current control method.
● Here a simple circuit of boost convertor is controlled using the voltage and current control methods also called as inner loop
control and outer loop controls

● Basic topology used here is also a boost convertor.

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 Input voltage 24 V

Desired output voltage 36 V

Inductor 470e-6 H
Capacitor 220e-6 F
Resistor 30 ohms
Switching frequency 150 KHz
Duty cycle 33.34%

Table : Parameter table

Fig Basic topology

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Step 2: Adding two loop control (voltage mode and current mode) Results

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 Results

Step 3 :Adding variable load to the controlled boost convertor

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4.2.4 Step 4 : Adding variable input to boost convertor Results

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 Method 3 : LQI model

5.1.1 What is LQI method ?

The servomechanism that minimizes the quadratic cost of the closed-loop control system is the LQI, since
it has optimal gain matrices. The system states, integrator outputs, and control inputs make up the cost
function, together with the appropriate coefficient matrices that are easily adjustable to represent the
relative weights of each component. Thus, the linearization of the system model serves as the foundation
for the construction of the LQI control system.

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 Why LQI model is required?
1. These days multi input serial output (MISO) DC-DC convertors have
become more attractive as they incorporate more than on intermittent power
source with one power convertor.
2. This model is applicable in EV’s also where high reliability is desired. This
is achieved by interfacing 2 battery sub-modules or a battery and another dc
source such as fuel cell.
3. The drawback of these convertors is that they are difficult to control
especially when operated as interleaved high voltage gain convertors.
4. In this model a convertor is first modeled and then its controllability and
observability are verified.
5. A linear quadratic regulator specifically linear quadratic integrator control
scheme is derived to achieve a very low steady state voltage tracking error.

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Analysis of Linear quadratic integral(LQI model)

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 System parameters
Name Values

Input voltages V1 = 20V

V2 = 30V

Duty cycles of M1 and M2 D1 = 0.5

D2 = 0.5

Clamped capacitor voltage Vc1 = 40V

Output capacitor voltage (Vc)out = 100V

Currents in L1 and L2 IL1 = 4A

IL2 = 4.5A

Inductors L1 = L2 = 270 µH

Capacitors C1 = 47µF and C2 = 220µF

Load resistance 50 Ω

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Solution Methodology adopted

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 State space analysis

A= C=

B= D=

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 State space analysis

Anew =

Bnew =

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 State space analysis

Qw = RW =

KC= KI =

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Comparison between different models

Two gain loop current mode controller

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Hysteresis current controller

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LQI controller

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 Considering different scenarios

● Scenario 1 : LQI controller

● Scenario 2 : Two gain loop current controller
(Kp=0.5 & 0.75 , Ki=20)
● Scenario 3 : Two gain loop current controller
(Kp=0.5 & 2 , Ki=20)
● Scenario 4 : Hysteresis current control
(Kp=0.5 & 0.75 , Ki=3.5)

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 Results

Time (sec) Time (sec)

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 Conclusions
• Using this model we are trying to achieve higher switching frequency with low
cost, low calculation requirements and better performance than the
conventional PFC control methods.
• One of the significant characteristics of the proposed digital control method is
that the switching frequency is not directly dependent on the speed of the DSP .
• Therefore, a low-cost DSP/microprocessor could be used to control the switch
operating at a high switching frequency.
• This control method generates all the duty cycles in advance based on the
reference current and sensed inductor current, input voltage and output voltage.
• The designed LQI maintained the output voltage at 100V even when the load
current was increased by 50% and reduced to its original value.
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 Future work to be done
• Future models of digital control needs to be analysed and demerits of each
method also need to be determined.

• Based on the properties of the control methods , the most optimum method
needs to be found out.

• A detailed comparison needs to be made among the methods.

• Based on all the observations we will try and predict a control model that
will be free from all such demerits.

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 References
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pp137-143, 2001
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[3] G. L. Sheng, Z. X. Chen, Z. J. Chen, and Y. F. Liu, “Design and implementation of a high resolution DPWM based on a low-cost FPGA,” in Proc.
IEEE Energy Convers. Congr. Expo. (ECCE), Sep. 2010, pp. 2306– 2311.
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[5] IEEE Standards Association, “IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee,” [Online]. Available: https://standards.ieee.org/committee/802/ (accessed
on Feb. 20, 2023).
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[8] Y. Yan, F. C. Lee, and P. Mattavelli, “Comparison of small signal characteristics in current mode control schemes for point-of-load buck converter
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[9] J. Chen, A. Prodic, R. W. Erickson, and D. Maksimovic, “Predictive digital current programmed control,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 1,
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[10] Z. Zhao and A. Prodic, “Continuous-time digital controller for highfrequency DC–DC converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 2, pp.
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[11] G. Feng, E. Meyer, and Y. Liu, “A digital two-switching-cycle compensation algorithm for input-voltage transients in DC–DC converters,” IEEE
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[12] Maksimovic and Zane, 2007, Hu et al., 2006, Patella et al., 2003, Carosa et al., 2008, Peng et al., 2004 37
Thank You.
ADITI GUPTA
2022PEE5601

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