DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICALEDUCATION

ANDHRA PRADESH
Name : Sri. G.VIJAYASIMHA RAO
Designation : Lecturer
Branch : Electronics & communication Engg.
Institute : DR.BRA.GMR Polytechnic,
Karimnagar Dist.
Sub code : EC 303
Year/Semester : III Semester
Subject : Circuit theory
Topic : Network theorems
Duration : 150 Minutes
Sub-Topic : practical voltage source &current source

and conversion from one to other

Teaching Aids : PPT-Drawings
EC303.38 to 40 1
RECAP

1.Mention the types of sources you know ?

2. Define ideal voltage source ?

EC303.38 to 40 2
OBJECTIVE

On completion of this period, you would be able to

symbolic representation

• Know the practical voltage source.

• Know the symbol of practical current source.

• Distinguish between ideal and practical voltage source.

• Distinguish between ideal and practical current source.

• Convert voltage source to current source via versa.

EC303.38 to 40 3
PRACTICAL(REAL) VOLTAGE SOURCE

• The terminal voltage V does not remain constant w.r.t

current through load .

• Every voltage source consists of internal resistance Rs.

• As the current increases the drop across source resistance

Increases.

• Hence there is a drop in terminal voltage equal to IRs.

• V= E -IRs
EC303.38 to 40 4
PRACTICAL(REAL) VOLTAGE SOURCE
(continued…)

RS V
A IDEAL

RL

Practical source
V

IL,ZL
B GRAPH

EC303.38 to 40 5
PRACTICAL Current Source

• The current is not constant w.r.t. terminal voltage.

• The current is not constant against any load.

• Due to the internal resistance Rs, the current

varies with terminal voltage.

EC303.38 to 40 6
PRACTICAL Current Source (continued…)

IS
A
I1 IL Ideal
V
RS RC Practical

B I

Fig V-I characteristics of

practical current source

EC303.38 to 40 7
Problems:
1(a). what is the terminal voltage across an source with
E=5V when RL is removed ?

1(b). What is the current drawn when RL is short circuited

given Rs=0.01Ω?

2(a). what is the terminal voltage of a current source with

5A and an internal resistance Rs=2Ω, when
RL=infinity

2b).what is the current through the load for the same

current source, when RL is short circuited.

EC303.38 to 40 8
Answers:

1a. V=5v.

1b. I=500A.

2a. V=10v.

2b. IL=5A.

EC303.38 to 40 9
Voltage to current source conversion

• It is often necessary to convert a voltage source to a

current source and vice-versa.

• The practical voltage source can be represented by an

ideal voltage source in series with a internal resistance
Rv.=Rs.

• The practical current source can be represented by an

ideal current source in parallel with an internal resistance
Ri= Rs.

EC303.38 to 40 10
• Any voltage source or current source has to drive current
through its load resistance RL

• The magnitude of current in either sources depends on the

value of load resistance.

• Figures 1&2 represent voltage source and current source

connected to same load RL
EC303.38 to 40 11
 A A
RS

RS RL
RL

E
B
B Current source
Voltage source

EC303.38 to 40 12
• In figure 1the terminal voltage

Vab = v – I RS

• Vab =VOC

• THE SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT ISC

• ISC=Vab/Rs ………(1) EC303.38 to 40 13

• IN FIGURE 2

• IL=IS-I=IS –Vab /Rs

• THE OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE Vab =VOC

• VOC=ISRI……..(2)

• The short circuit current

• ISC=IS

• Equation 1&2reduce to VS=IS RS

• The above two sources are equal

EC303.38 if they produce equal
to 40 14

amount of current and voltage across same load

• By equating the open circuit voltages VOC and short circuit
current ISC

• We get VOC =IS Rs=E

• ISC=IS=E/Rs

• Hence it follows that

• RI = RV =RS

• THEREFORE E=IS RS

• Where Rs is the internal resistance of both voltage and

current source. EC303.38 to 40 15
Conversion procedure

• Any Practical Voltage Source With Ideal Voltage E And

Internal Resistance Rs Can Be Replaced By A Current
Source Is =E/Rs In Parallel With An Internal Resistance
Ri = Rs

• The Reverse Transformation Is Also True

• A Practical Current Source In Parallel With Rs Can Be

Replaced By An Voltage Source E= Is Rs In Series With
Internal Resistance Rs

EC303.38 to 40 16
Example1 : Convert the following voltage source of
Fig.. into current source.

EC303.38 to 40 17
 Rs

= 200v

EC303.38 to 40 18
Example 2: What is the equivalent current source for a
voltage source of 6v in serious with 3Ω
resistance?
Solution:
given Vs = 6v, Rs = 3Ω
VS 6
IS    3
RS 3

3Ω

3Ω
2A
6V

EC303.38 to 40 19
 The equivalent current source supplies 2A &
has across it a resistance of 3Ωare shown
above

3Ω

3Ω
9Ω 2A
6V

EC303.38 to 40 20
Check

Let a resistor 9Ω be connected across the terminals

I 6
 Current supplied to load    0.5 A
T 39

Voltage across load =6x3x0.5=4.5V

3 9
Reg in fig is reg   2.25
39
 Voltage across 3Ω=2x2.25=4.5V
4.5
Current through 3Ω   1.5 A
3
Current supplied to load =2-1.5=0.5A
EC303.38 to 40 21
Ex 3:

Obtain equivalent voltage source for the current source

20Ω

20Ω +
10A -
200V

Solution :
Give IS=10A;RS20Ω

 VS =10x20=200V

Hence the equivalent voltage source is shown above.

EC303.38 to 40 22
EC303.38 to 40 23
• problem: Reduce the network of fig. to a single
current source and calculate the
current through it.

EC303.38 to 40 24
• Solution:- In this example, the voltage source will first
be converted to a current source
as shown in fig.

• I1 = 4 A

• Current sources, I = I1 + I2 = 4 + 6 = 10 A

• And equivalent resistance = 4 Ω

• Current through RL = IL = 2 A

EC303.38 to 40 25
SUMMARY

We discussed about :

• Ideal voltage source has no series resistance.

• Practical voltage source , current source.

• Conversion from V-I,I-V sources.

• Ideal current source has no shunt resistance where as

practical current source has shunt resistance.

EC303.38 to 40 26
Questions

1. Define Ideal ,practical voltage source ?

2. Define ideal ,practical current source ?

3. Write the procedure to convert voltage source to current

source ?

4. Convert 2A 20Ω to a voltage source ?

EC303.38 to 40 27
Quiz
1. The effect of Source resistance in a Voltage source

3. Reduced output Power

4. Reduced Output Voltage
5. Reduced output current
6. All the above

EC303.38 to 40 28