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CHAPTER FIVE
CELLULAR NETWORKS

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 LOGO Chapter Contents

 INTRODUCTION
 1G TECHNOLOGY
 2G TECHNOLOGY
 MODELS OF 1G & 2G
 2.5 TECHNOLOGY
 3G TECHNOLOGY
 4G TECHNOLOGY
 5G TECHNOLOGY
 WIRELESS APPLICATIONS
 WIRELESS SERVICES
 EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGY
 CONCLUSION
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
A cellular network or mobile network is a communication
network where the last link is wireless.

A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land
through cells where each cell includes a fixed location
transceiver known as base station.

These cells together provide radio coverage over larger
geographical areas. User equipment (UE), such as mobile
phones, is therefore able to communicate even if the equipment
is moving through cells during transmission.

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Cells in a Network

What’s interesting about mobile phone networks is their cellular design.

(Hence the terms “cellular network” and “cellular phone.”)
It means that a mobile phone network is divided into thousands of
overlapping geographic areas, known as cells. A typical cellular
network can be envisioned as a mesh of hexagonal cells.

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Types of cell

The different types of cells are given different names according to

their size and function:

Macro cells: Macro cells are large cells that are usually used for
remote or sparsely populated areas. These may be 10 km or
possibly more in diameter.

Micro cells: Micro cells are those that are normally found in
densely populated areas which may have a diameter of around 1
km.

Pico cells: Pico cells are generally used for covering very small
areas such as particular areas of buildings, or possibly tunnels
where coverage from a larger cell in the cellular system is not
possible.

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
Selective cells: Sometimes cells termed selective cells may be
used where full 360 degree coverage is not required. They may
be used to fill in a hole in the coverage in the cellular system, or to
address a problem such as the entrance to a tunnel etc.

Umbrella cells: Another type of cells known as an umbrella cell
is sometimes used in instances such as those where a heavily
used road crosses an area where there are micro-cells Under
normal circumstances this would result in a large number of
handovers as people driving along the road would quickly cross
the microcells. An umbrella cell would take in the coverage of the
microcells (but use different channels to those allocated to the
microcells). However it would enable those people moving along
the road to be handled by the umbrella cell and experience fewer
handovers than if they had to pass from one microcell to the next.
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Frequency reuse


The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to re-use
frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity.

As shown above, adjacent cells must use different frequencies;
however there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart
operating on the same frequency.

The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse
distance and the reuse factor.

The reuse distance, D is calculated as:
Where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per cluster. Cells
may vary in radius from 1 to 30 kilometers. The boundaries of the cells
can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided
into smaller cells.
The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can
be used in the network.
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Cellular network Structure

Cellular network technology supports a hierarchical structure
formed by the base transceiver station (BTS), mobile switching
center (MSC), location registers and public switched telephone
network (PSTN).

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Mobile Station (MS)

A Mobile Station is a device used by a mobile user to access the
mobile network. The MS typically consists of the mobile telephone
equipment and a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM).
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
The Subscriber Identity Module is a smartcard that is necessary to
make use of a mobile phone.
The SIM is the key used to identify and authenticate the mobile
subscriber. On the SIM is also memory available for personalized
data, such as a telephone book and messages.

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How a mobile call is actually made?

In each cell, there are four types of channels that take active part during a
mobile call. These are:
Forward Voice Channel (FVC): This channel is used for the voice
transmission from the BS to the MS.
Reverse Voice Channel (RVC): This is used for the voice transmission from
the MS to the BS.
Forward Control Channel (FCC): Control channels are generally used for
controlling the activity of the call, i.e., they are used for setting up calls and
to divert the call to unused voice channels. Hence these are also called
setup channels. These channels transmit and receive call initiation and
service request messages. The FCC is used for control signaling purpose
from the BS to MS.
Reverse Control Channel (RCC): This is used for the call control purpose
from the MS to the BS. Control channels are usually monitored by mobiles.

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Cont...

Each mobile has a mobile identification number ( MIN).

When a user wants to make a call, the user sends a call request to the MSC
on the reverse control channel.
The user also sends the MIN of the person to whom the call has to be
made. The MSC then sends this MIN to all the base stations.
The base station transmits this MIN and all the mobiles within the coverage
area of that base station receive the MIN and match it with their own.
If the MIN matches with a particular MS, that mobile sends an
acknowledgment to the BS. The BS then informs the MSC that the
mobile is within its coverage area.
The MSC then instructs the base station to access specific unused voice
channel pair. The base station then sends a message to the mobile to
move to the particular channels and it also sends a signal to the mobile
for ringing.
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 LOGO 1G TECHNOLOGY
1G refers to the first generation of wireless
telephone technology, mobile telecommunications which
was first introduced in 1980s and completed in early
1990s.
Uses FDM
It's Speed was upto 2.4kbps.
It allows the voice calls in 1 country.
1G network use Analog Signal.
AMPS was first launched in USA in 1G
mobile systems.
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LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 1G

Poor Voice Quality

Poor Battery Life
Large Phone Size
No Security
Limited Capacity
Poor Handoff Reliability
1G Wireless System

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 LOGO 2G TECHNOLOGY

 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation

which is based on GSM.
 It was launched in Finland in the year
1991.
 2G network use digital signals.
 It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.
Uses TDMA

Features Includes:

 It enables services such as text messages,

picture messages and MMS (multi media
message). Page  18
 LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 2G

 2G requires strong digital signals

to help mobile phones work. If there
is no network coverage in any specific
area , digital signals would weak.

 These systems are unable to

handle complex data such as Videos.
2G Wireless System

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 LOGO WIRELESS MODELS OF 1G & 2G

1G WIRELESS SYSTEMS 2G WIRELESS

SYSTEMS

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 LOGO 2.5G
TECHNOLOGY
 2.5G is a technology between the second
(2G) and third (3G) generation of mobile
telephony.
 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular
Technology combined with GPRS.

Features Includes:
 Phone Calls
 Send/Receive E-mail Messages
 Web Browsing
 Speed : 64-144 kbps
 Camera Phones
 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3
mins. Mp3 song Page  21
 LOGO 3G
TECHNOLOGY
3G technology refer to third generation which
was introduced in year 2000s.

Uses CDMA
Data Transmission speed increased from
144kbps- 2Mbps.

Typically called Smart Phones and

features increased its bandwidth
and data transfer rates to accommodate
web-based applications and audio
and video files.

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 LOGO FEATURES OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

 Providing Faster Communication

 Send/Receive Large Email Messages
 High Speed Web / More Security

Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming

 TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
 Large Capacities and Broadband
Capabilities

 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a

3 min Mp3 song.

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 LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY

 Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services

 It was challenge to build the infrastructure

for 3G

 High Bandwidth Requirement

 Expensive 3G Phones.

 Large Cell Phones

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LOGO 4G TECHNOLOGY (Anytime ,Anywhere)

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 LOGO 4G TECHNOLOGY (Anytime,
Anywhere)
4G technology refer to or short name of fourth
Generation which was started from late
2000s.
Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
One of the basic term used to describe 4G is
MAGIC.
MAGIC:
Mobile Multimedia
Anytime Anywhere
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution
Customized Personal Services
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.
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 LOGO 4G (Anytime, Anywhere)

The next generations of wireless technology that

promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia
services.
Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
High QOS and High Security
Provide any kind of service at any time as per user
requirements, anywhere.

Features Include:
 More Security
 High Speed
 High Capacity
 Low Cost Per-bit etc.

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 LOGO DRAWBACKS OF 4G

Battery uses is more

Hard to implement

Need complicated
hardware

Expensive equipment
required to implement
next generation network.

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 LOGO COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G

The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer

and signal quality.

Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec

Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband

Mobile - TV Resolution Low High

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz

Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz

Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps

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LOGO WIRLESS MODELS OF 3G & 4G

 3G WIRELESS SYSTEM  4G WIRELESS SYSTEM

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5G TECHNOLOGY

5G technology refer to short name of fifth

Generation which was started from late 2010s.

Complete wireless communication

with almost no limitations.

It is highly supportable to WWWW

(Wireless World Wide Web).

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 LOGO BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY

High Speed, High Capacity

5G technology providing large broadcasting of data up to
1 Gbps
Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with
the clarity as to that of an HD Quality.

Features of 5G
3D Imaging, AI
Faster data transmission that of the
previous generations.
Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed,
clarity in Audio/Video.
Support interactive multimedia , voice,
streaming video, Internet and other
5G is More Effective and More
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Attractive.
 LOGO COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G Vs 5G

The following basic differences between 4G and 5G

are:

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LOGO EVOLUTION OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGY

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WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

Wireless applications are those which we

use free space as the transmission medium &
do not involve cabling like fiber or copper
cables.

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 LOGO WIRELESS SERVICES

Wireless solution for:

Business and Industry

Schools , Colleges

Doctors , Pilots

Police and Vehicles etc.

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 LOGO CONCLUSION

 All totally the best way to help all users is to use 5G

as the next wireless system and in totally it is
safety and secure for public, this the need that
demands the solution.
 Today’s wired society is going wireless and if it has
problem, 5G is answer.
 5G technology is going to give tough competition to
Computers and Laptops.

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 CONCLUSION

The end!!!