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Ccna1 Module8

This document discusses ways to improve Ethernet network performance by reducing collisions and broadcasts. It describes how layer 2 and 3 devices like bridges, switches, and routers can divide a network into smaller collision and broadcast domains. Bridges operate at the data link layer and use MAC address tables to filter traffic between segments. Switches are hardware-based multi-port bridges that create a separate collision domain per port, through a process called microsegmentation. The spanning tree protocol is used to prevent switching loops by electing a root bridge and blocking redundant paths.

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216 views18 pages

Ccna1 Module8

This document discusses ways to improve Ethernet network performance by reducing collisions and broadcasts. It describes how layer 2 and 3 devices like bridges, switches, and routers can divide a network into smaller collision and broadcast domains. Bridges operate at the data link layer and use MAC address tables to filter traffic between segments. Switches are hardware-based multi-port bridges that create a separate collision domain per port, through a process called microsegmentation. The spanning tree protocol is used to prevent switching loops by electing a root bridge and blocking redundant paths.

Uploaded by

api-3842231
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cisco Certified Network

Associate
Cisco Networking Academy
Turku Polytechnic
CCNA1 – Module 8
• Modern Ethernet networks still have
collisions and broadcasts because they are
designed like that. If the amount of those is
too high and they interfere with normal
traffic, some actions should be taken.
• First we have to define the term Collision
Domain, and then some peripherals which
restrict the size of collision domains.
CCNA1 – Module 8
• To have a collision domain, you have to
have a shared media. For example point-to-
point connections don’t have collisions
(full-duplex).
• The more devices you have in one
collision domain, the more collisions will
happen.
• Layer 2 and 3 devices will limit the size of
collision domains by creating more of them.
CCNA1 – Module 8
• After dividing the network into several
collision domains, we must use either
multicast or broadcast frames to reach all
devices.
• These two techniques can cause severe
congestion problems too.
CCNA1 – Module 8
• To deal with broadcast congestion problem
we need a Router (a layer 3 device) to
create smaller broadcast domains.
• Some techniques, such as DHCP, need
special solutions to work after creating
broadcast domains.
• Data flow in routed networks.
• Segments in networking.
CCNA1 – Module 8
• Bridges operate at layer 2 (OSI)
– Used to divide large collision domains in
smaller segments
– Controls traffic by examining senders MAC-
address and making table from learned MAC-
addresses.
– Bridge operation usually is based on software.
CCNA1 – Module 8
• A switch is a multi-port bridge based on
hardware.
• A switch creates as many collision domains
as it has ports. This is called
microsegmentation.
• Modern switches support full-duplex traffic.
This technique doubles the theoretical
bandwidth (100Mbps -> 200Mbps)
CCNA1 – Module 8
• Switches store MAC-addresses in content-
addressable/associative memory (CAM) table.
This memory works in a different way than usual
semiconductor memories.
• When a MAC-address is stored in the table,
querying for that address will cause the CAM to
reply with the associated port number, so there is
no need for a search algorithm.
CCNA1 – Module 8
• Switches use three different switching
modes.
• Cut-through switching
– Low latency
– No error checking
– Symmetric switching
CCNA1 – Module 8
• Store-and-forward switching
– High latency
– Full error checking (FCS)
– Asymmetric switching
CCNA1 – Module 8
• Fragment-free switching
– Latency somewhere in between
– Reads the first 64 bytes of a frame to ensure the
integrity of frame.
– Symmetric switching
CCNA1 – Module 8
• Spanning tree protocol
– Prevent switching loops
– Bridge Protocol Data Unit messages are sent
through the switch network, so that all
connected switches are known. Based on this
information the Root bridge is selected.
– The Spanning Tree Algorithm is used to resolve
and shutdown redundant paths.
CCNA1 – Module 8
• STP has five different states:
– Blocking
– Listening
– Learning
– Forwarding
– Disabled
Microsegmentation
STP
Collision domain
Data flow
Segments

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