Carryout Measurements and

Calculation
• A modern digital computer represents data
using the binary numeral system. Text,
numbers, pictures, audio, and nearly any
other form of information can be converted
into a string of bits, or binary digits, each of
which has a value of 1 or 0.
• A Bit is a single binary value that may be 1
or 0 (on or off)
• A Nibble is a group of 4 bits.
• A Byte is a group of 8 bits and is equal to
one character.
1 byte = 8 bits (e.g. 10011011)
Two different measurement systems (binary
and decimal)
• A piece of information can be handled by any
computer or device whose storage space is large
enough to accommodate the binary
representation of the piece of information, or
simply data. The measurement of how much data
can be stored in a storage device is called The
data storage capacity.
Example: if you have flash drive with 32GB
storage capacity, what will be the equivalent
in MB.
1 GB = 1,000 MB
Convert 32 GB to MB =
32 GB = 32 x 1000MB = 32000 MB
• Computers use binary codes to represent and
interpret letters, numbers and special characters
with bits. A commonly used code is the American
Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII). With ASCII, each character is
represented by a string of bits. For example:
•Capital letter: A = 01000001
•Number: 9 = 00001001
•Special character: # = 00100011
B. Digital Storage Units of Measurement
•In every unit there is a corresponding
storage equivalent which we use in
different computer data like text, video,
database and other.
Using Binary System in Computer
• bit is a binary digit, the smallest data increment on a
computer. A bit may hold only one of two values: 0 or
1, respectively, which corresponds to the on or off
electrical values. Since bits are so tiny you only work
one bit at a time with the details. In general, bits are
assembled into a group of eight to form a byte. Below
are the list of data measurement units and their
corresponding value.
Converting Binary Units
• To convert binary from smaller to larger unit requires
division.
• 350 bits
• 350 bits = 350 / 8 = 43.75 bytes
• 92,955 bytes = 92,955 / 1024 = 90.78 kilobytes
• Converting Bytes to Kilobyte
• 2,344,587 bytes = 2,344,587 / 1024 = 2,890
kilobytes
•Converting Kilobyte to Megabyte
•2, 890 kilobytes = 2, 890 / 1024 = 2.236
Megabytes
To convert binary from larger to smaller unit
requires multiplication.
Number System and Their Representation
• Number system is one technique or set of symbol
to represent number in computer system. Every
value input into the computer memory has a
specific number system. The following are types
of number system.
• 1. Binary Number System – this number system
is represented by 0 and 1. For this system the
base is 2.
• 2. Octal Number System – this number system
has 8 digits from 0 to 7 and the base is 8 because
it has only 8 digits (1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8) unlike
binary which has only 2.
• 3. Decimal Number system – this number system has
10 digit from 0 – 9 with a base of 10 because it has 10
digit 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9.
• 4. Hexadecimal Number System – this number system
is composed of 16 alphanumeric values from 0 to 9
and A to F (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F). Here A Is
10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 13, E is 14 and F is 15.
Converting Decimal to Binary
• Rule: Divide the decimal continuously by 2 as
shown in the example. The remainder forms the
binary equivalent of the decimal number. The
remainders are read from the bottom-up to get
the binary equivalent. Answer with remainder is
considered as 1 and 0 for no remainder.
• Example: Convert 548 to its binary equivalent.
• 548/2 = 274 = 0
• (The answer has no remainder so it is considered
as 0)
• 274/2 = 137 = 0
• 137/2 = 68 = 1
• (The answer has no remainder so it is considered as 1)
• 68/2 = 34 = 0
• 34/2 = 17 = 0
• 17/2 = 8 = 1
• 8/2 = 4 = 0
• 4/2 = 2 = 0
• 2/2 = 0
• (The remainders are read from the bottom-
up to get the binary equivalent)
• Read As: 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
• Example: 19
QUOTIENT Remainder
19/2 9 1
9/2 4 1
4/2 2 0
2/2 1 0
1/2 0 1
19 = 10011
Checking:
1 0 0 1 1 multiplier
16 8 4 2 1 equivalents
16 0 0 2 1 results

16 + 2 + 1 = 19
CALCULATING DATA STORAGE
• One kilobyte is a little more than one thousand bytes,
specifically 1,024. A megabyte represents more than a
million bytes or 1,048,576. A gigabyte is
1,073,741,824 bytes. A terabyte is 1,099,511,627,776.
The exact number is gained by taking 2^n power.
When referring to storage space, we use the terms
bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes
(GB), and terabytes (TB).
Conversion and Calculations
• Once we know the size of a file or folder, it is
possible to determine the number of bytes being
used. For example:
• A file is 20 KB in size
• 1 KB = 1,024 Bytes
• 20 * 1,024 = 20,480 bytes in a 20 KB file
• If a 20 KB file is stored in a 1 MB folder (1
MB = 1,048,576 bytes of space); then
• approximately a total of 51 files can be
stored in that folder (1,048,576 / 20,480 =
51.2).
• 1. If a flash drive has 8 Gigabytes capacity, how does
it represent in Megabytes?
• Remember: 1 Gigabyte = 1000 Megabyte
• 2. In a hard drive has 3 terabytes capacity, what is the
equivalent value in gigabytes?
• 3. There is 1 DVD item has a value of 25
Megabytes, how many kilobytes in 1 DVD?
A. Compute the following:

• 1) 300 Kilobytes = ________ Megabyte

• 2) 15 Megabytes = ________ Kilobytes
• 3) 10 Kilobytes = ________ Megabytes
• 4) 700 Megabytes = _____ Gigabytes
• 5) 4.3 Gigabytes = ________ Terabytes