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Lecture 05.423

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15 views7 pages

Lecture 05.423

Uploaded by

Tahsin Ahmed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 05

Response Spectrum
and
Equivalent Static
Force
Response Spectrum Analysis
The Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) is an approximate method of dynamic analysis that is used
for a reasonably accurate prediction of dynamic response due to seismic ground motion.

As shown in previous lecture, the governing equation of motion for a SDOF system subjected to
ground motion [ug, vg, ag] is given by
m d2ur/dt2 + c dur/dt + k ur =  m ag ………..…(2.31)
Since the loads themselves (on the right side of the equations) are proportional to the structural
properties, each of these equations can be normalized in terms of the system properties (natural
frequency n and damping ratio ) and the ground motion (acceleration or displacement and velocity).
For example, Eq. (2.31) becomes
d2ur/dt2 + (c/m) dur/dt + (k/m) ur=  ag …………..…(2.32)
 d2ur/dt2 + 2n dur/dt + n2 ur =  ag …..……….(2.32a)
For a specified ground motion data (e.g., the El Centro or Kobe record shown earlier) the temporal
variation of structural displacement, velocity and acceleration depends only on its natural
frequency n and damping ratio .

From the time series thus obtained, the maximum parameters can be identified easily as maximum
design criteria for the particular structure (and the particular ground motion). Such maximum values
can be similarly obtained for structures with different natural frequency (or period) and damping ratio.

Since natural period (Tn) is a more familiar concept than n, the peak responses can be represented
as functions of Tn and  for the ground motion under consideration.
A plot of peak value of the response quantity as a function of T n and  is called the Response
Spectrum of that particular quantity. If such graphs are obtained for a family of damping ratios (),
they provide convenient plots for seismic analysis of SDOF systems.

Following peak responses for relative displacement (u r), relative velocity (vr) and total acceleration (a)
are called relevant response spectra.
ur0(Tn, ) = Maxur(t, Tn, ) ………………(2.33)

vr0(Tn, ) = Maxvr(t, Tn, ) …….…………(2.34)

a0(Tn, ) = Maxa(t, Tn, ) ……………..…(2.35)


In order to account for the amplification of waves while propagating through soft soils, some
simplified wave propagation analyses can be performed. Such works, performed statistically for a
variety of soil conditions, provide the response spectra as shown in Fig. 2.7, leading to code-specified
response spectrum in Fig. 2.8.
a/ag a/ag
=C =C
Equivalent Static Force Method
Total Inertia Force on the system fI = m a
u, v, a u, v, a
= (W/g) [(a/ag) × ag]
= (ag/g) (a/ag) W
 fI = (Z) (C) W ……..(2.36a)

This force is ‘balanced’ by a force (called u g, v g, ag u g, v g, ag


Base Shear) at base of the structure.
Dynamic SDOF system subjected to ground motion (u g, vg, ag)
 Base Shear Vbe = fI = ZCW ….(2.36b)
Elastic
This force is modified in design codes by

Force Vb
- ‘Importance Factor’ (I), which is a
subjective factor depending on importance
of the structure itself
Elasto-
- ‘Response modification coefficient’ (R),
Plastic
which accounts for nonlinearity of the
structural system

As a result, the Base Shear in design codes is


given by Vb = ZICW/R ………...(2.36c)

Deflection u

Fig. 2.9: Elastic and Elasto-plastic Force vs. Deflection


‘Equivalent Static Analysis’ of seismic vibration is based on the concept of replacing the inertia forces
at various ‘lumped masses’ (i.e., story levels) by equivalent horizontal forces that are proportional
their weights (therefore masses) and their displacements (therefore accelerations).
These are included in the design codes by equations like
V = Ft + Fi ………...(2.37a)
Fi = (Vb–Ft) [wi hi/wi hi] ………...(2.37b)
to model the ‘nearly linear’ first mode of vibration
and
Concentrated force (Ft) acting at top of building to account for the 2 nd and higher modes of vibration

First Mode

Second Mode
Fig. 2.6
Fig. 2.10: Modal Shapes of Lumped and Continuous Systems
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC 1993)
Design Base Shear
Total design base shear in given direction is determined
from
V = (ZIC/R)W ………...(2.38)
where Z = Seismic zone coefficient (Fig. 2.11) Zone 3
Z = 0.25
I = Structure importance coefficient
R = Response modification coefficient for structural systems Zone 2
Z = 0.15
[Table 3.1(a)] Zone 1
W = The total seismic dead load Z = 0.075

The ‘Seismic Dead Load’ is not only the dead load of the
structure but also has to include some live loads as and
when they superimpose on dead loads.
Structural Period
The value of the fundamental period T n of the structure can
Fig. 2.11
be reasonably calculated using one of the following
simplified methods:
a) Method A: Tn may be approximated by the following b) Method B:
formula Tn = Ct (hn)3/4……………….….(2.39) Tn = 2[wi ui2/g wi ui ……(2.40)
where, Ct = 0.083 for steel moment resisting frames, 0.073
for RC moment resisting frames, and eccentric braced Here, wi represents the weight and ui
frames, 0.049 for all other structural systems the displacement of the ith floor
hn = Height (in meters) above the base to level n.
Seismic dead load W is total dead load of a EC Kobe Northridge BNBC93 BNBC 2020

building including permanent partitions, and 4.0


applicable portions of other loads.
3.0
C = Numerical coefficient given by
C = 1.25 S/Tn2/3 …..………(2.41)
The value of C should not exceed 2.75. 2.0

C
S = Site coefficient (Table 2.3) 1.0
Tn = Fundamental period of vibration (seconds)
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Time (sec)

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