GNDU

DRAWING TECHNIQUES
R.C.
SATHIALA

Engineering Graphics and Drafting

(MEL-120) (2-0-2)

Dr. Anu Sheetal

Assistant Professor & Incharge ECE
Department of Engineering & Technology
GNDU Regional Campus, Gurdaspur
05/14/24 2 2
05/14/24 3 3
05/14/24 4 4
05/14/24 5 5
Practicals for Part 1 – Sketching on drawing sheets
or AUTOCAD
Requirements: Drawing sheet (A1 size), H, 2H & HB pencils, eraser, cutter, mini
drafter, compass (large and small) & divider (large and small), zero grade sand
paper, cello-tape, and circle master .

Evaluation based on

Mid Semester Test: 20 Marks

Major Test: 80 Marks

Text Book: Engineering Drawing by P.S. Gill

Additional Reference Book: Engineering Drawing by N D Bhatt

05/14/24 6 6
 COURSE OVERVIEW
Lettering

Projections

Orthographic, Axonometric, Isometric,Oblique

Plane geometric constructions

Auxiliary Planes

Intersection of surfaces

Development of surfaces

Projection of planes and solids

Sectioning and Dimensioning

05/14/24 7 7
 GRAPHICS
LANGUAGE

05/14/24 8 8
Effectiveness of Graphics Language

You can easily understand that …

The word languages is inadequate for describing the

size,
size shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
05/14/24 9 9
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces,
surfaces edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing”

drawing or “drafting”
drafting .

A drawing can be done using freehand,

freehand instruments
or computer methods.

05/14/24 1010
 Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example

05/14/24 1111
 Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example

05/14/24 1212
 Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example

05/14/24 1313
Engineering
Drawing

05/14/24 1414
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawings are made up of graphics language
and word language.
language

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
05/14/24 1515
 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering

05/14/24 1616
 Drawing Standard

05/14/24 1717
 Introduction

Standards are set of rules that govern how technical

drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.

05/14/24 1818
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute

Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

India BIS Bureau of Indian Standard

05/14/24 1919
 Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4. A3

Standard sheet size

A2
(BIS)
A4 210 x 297
A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)

05/14/24 2020
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (mm) d (mm)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
05/14/24 2121
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

05/14/24 2222
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing correspond

to the “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.

05/14/24 2323
 Traditional
Drawing Tools
05/14/24 2424
 DRAWING TOOLS

05/14/24 2525
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
05/14/24 2626
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

05/14/24 2727
 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
05/14/24 2828
 DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield

05/14/24 2929
 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

05/14/24 3030
 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

05/14/24 3131
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
XYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU
VWXYZABCDEF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVW
XYZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTU
VWXYZABCDEF
05/14/24 3232
 Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
05/14/24 3333
Example Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes

Notes Title Block

05/14/24 3434
 Lettering Standard
ANSI Standard This course

Use a Gothic text style, Use only a vertical Gothic

either inclined or vertical. text style.
Use all capital letters. Use both capital and
lower-case letters.
Use 3 mm for most Same. For letters in title
text height. block it is recommend to use
5~8 mm text height
Space between lines
N/A.
of text is at least 1/3
Follows ANSI rule.
of text height.
05/14/24 3535
 Basic Strokes

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples : Application of basic stroke

4 5
“I” letter 1 “A” letter 1 2 “B” letter 1

3 6

3
2
05/14/24 3636
 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals

Straight line
letters

Curved line
letters

Curved line
letters &
Numerals

05/14/24 3737
 Suggested Strokes Sequence
Lower-case letters

The text’ s body height is about 2/3 the height of a capital

letter.
05/14/24 3838
 Stroke Sequence
I L T F

E H

05/14/24 3939
 Stroke Sequence

V X W

05/14/24 4040
 Stroke Sequence
N M K Z

Y A 4

05/14/24 4141
 Stroke Sequence

O Q C G

05/14/24 4242
 Stroke Sequence
D U P B

R J 1 2

05/14/24 4343
 Stroke Sequence

5 7

05/14/24 4444
 Stroke Sequence
S 0 3 6

8 9

05/14/24 4545
 Stroke Sequence

l i

05/14/24 4646
 Stroke Sequence
v w x k

05/14/24 4747
 Stroke Sequence
j y f t

05/14/24 4848
 Stroke Sequence
c o a b

d p q e

05/14/24 4949
 Stroke Sequence
g n m h

u s

05/14/24 5050
 Word Composition
Look at the same word having different spacing between letters.
A) Non-uniform spacing

JIRAPONG
B) Uniform spacing

J IR A P O N G
Which one is easier to read ?
05/14/24 5151
 Word Composition

Spacing
JIRAPONG
| )( )| |(
\/ \
Contour || ||
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters.
05/14/24 5252
 Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant

2. Straight - Curve 4. Curve - Curve

05/14/24 5353
 Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant

7. The letter “L” and “T”

≡
slant slant

≡ slant

05/14/24
straight
5454
Example : Good and Poor Lettering

GOOD

Not uniform in style.

Not uniform in height.

Not uniformly vertical or inclined.

Not uniform in thickness of stroke.

Area between letters not uniform.

Area between words not uniform.

05/14/24 5555
 Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.

Example

ALL O DIMENSIONS O ARE O IN

MILLIMETERS O UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.

05/14/24 5656