CLOUD COMPUTING

by:
DR. BELA SHRIMALI
COMPUTER ACIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
NIRMA UNIVERSITY
Syllabus of UNIT-1
UNIT-1
Introduction to cloud and virtualization:
Cloud Computing in a Nutshell, Layers and Types of Clouds
 Desired Formats of Cloud
Cloud Infrastructure Management, Challenges and Risks.
Cloud computing Principles and Paradigms :
By Rajkumar Buyya, James Broberge, Andrzej Goscinski
 Introduction
• The ACM Computing Curricula 2005 defined "computing" as

"In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-oriented

activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus,
computing includes designing and building hardware and software
systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and
managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using
computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating
and using communications and entertainment media; finding and
gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on.
The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast."
2
Trends in Computing
• Distributed Computing
• Grid Computing
• Cluster Computing
• Utility Computing
• Cloud Computing
 Distributed Computing/System?
• Distributed computing
– Field of computing science that studies distributed system.
– Use of distributed systems to solve computational problems.
• Distributed system
– Wikipedia
• There are several autonomous computational entities,
each of which has its own local memory.
• The entities communicate with each other by message
passing.
– Operating System Concept
• The processors communicate with one another through various
communication lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone
lines.
• Each processor has its own local memory.
Example?
 Grid Computing?
• Pcwebopedia.com
– A form of networking. unlike conventional networks that focus on communication
among devices, grid computing harnesses unused processing cycles of all computers in
a network for solving problems too intensive for any stand-alone machine.
• IBM
– Grid computing enables the virtualization of distributed computing and data resources
such as processing, network bandwidth and storage capacity to create a single system
image, granting users and applications seamless access to vast IT capabilities. Just as
an Internet user views a unified instance of content via the Web, a grid user essentially
sees a single, large virtual computer.
• Sun Microsystems
– Grid Computing is a computing infrastructure that provides dependable,
consistent, pervasive and inexpensive access to computational capabilities
 Electrical Power Grid Analogy
Electrical Power Grid Grid
• Users (or electrical appliances) get access to • Users (or client applications) gain access to computing
electricity through wall sockets with no care or resources (processors, storage, data, applications, and
so on) as needed with little or no knowledge of where
consideration for where or how the electricity those resources are located or what the underlying
is actually generated. technologies, hardware, operating system, and so on
are
• “The power grid” links together power plants • “The Grid" links together computing resources (PCs,
of many different kinds workstations, servers, storage elements) and provides
the mechanism needed to access them.
 Grid Computing
1. Share more than information: Data, computing power, applications in
dynamic environment, multi-institutional, virtual organizations
2. Efficient use of resources at many institutes. People from many
institutions
working to solve a common problem (virtual organisation).
3. Join local communities.
4. Interactions with the underneath layers must be transparent and seamless
to the user.
Need of Grid Computing?
• Today’s Science/Research is based on computations, data analysis, data
visualization & collaborations
• Computer Simulations & Modelling are more cost effective
than
• experimental
Scientific andmethods
Engineering problems are becoming more complex & users
need more accurate, precise solutions to their problems in shortest possible
time
• Data Visualization is becoming very important
• Exploiting under utilized resources
Who uses Grid Computing ?
 What is Cluster Computing?
• A cluster isa type of parallel or distributed
computer system,which consists of a collection of
inter-connected stand-alone computers working
togetheras a single integrated computingresource .
• Key components of a cluster include multiple
standalone computers (PCs, Workstations, or SMPs),
operating systems, high-performance
interconnects, middleware, parallel programming
environments, and applications.
 “Utility” Computing ?
• Utility Computing is purely a concept which cloud computing practically implements.

• Utility computing is a service provisioning model in which a service provider makes

computing resources and infrastructure management available to the customer as
needed, and charges them for specific usage rather than a flat rate.

• This model has the advantage of a low or no initial cost to acquire computer resources;
instead, computational resources are essentially rented.

• The word utility is used to make an analogy to other services, such as electrical power,
that seek to meet fluctuating customer needs, and charge for the resources based on
usage rather than on a flat-rate basis. This approach, sometimes known as pay-per-use.
• Other example?
“Utility” Computing ?
• "Utility computing" has
usually envisioned some
form of virtualization so
that the amount of
storage or computing
power available is
considerably larger than
that of a single time-
sharing computer.

Source:Alan McSweeney, “The Economics of Utility Computing”

“Utility” Computing ?
a) Pay-for-use Pricing Business Model
b) Data Center Virtualization and Provisioning
c) Solves Resource Utilization Problem
d) Outsourcing
e) Web Services Delivery
f) Automation
Cloud Computing
US National Institute of Standards and Technology defines Computing as

“ Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources (e.g networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. ”

Source: http://www.smallbiztechnology.com/archive/2011/09/wait-what-is-cloud-computing.htm30l/
Cloud Definition
It denotes a model on which a computing infrastructure is viewed as a
“cloud,” from which businesses and individuals access applications
from anywhere in the world on demand .

By Rajkumar Buyya:-
“Cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a
collection of inter-connected and virtualised computers that are
dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified
computing resources based on service-level agreements (SLA)
established through negotiation between the service provider and
consumers.
Another Definition of Cloud Computing
A report from the University of California Berkeley summarized the key
characteristics of cloud computing as:
(1) The illusion of infinite computing resources;
(2) The elimination of an up-front commitment by cloud users; and
(3) The ability to pay for use ...as needed...
Essential Characteristics
• On-demand self-service
• A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as
needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
• Broad network access
• Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations).
• Resource pooling
• The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model,
with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer
demand.
 Cloud Characteristics
• Measured Service
– Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be
– monitored, controlled, and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and
consumer of the utilized service.
• Rapid elasticity
– Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to
scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the
capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be
appropriated in any quantity at any time.
Common Characteristics
• Massive Scale
• Resilient Computing
• Homogeneity
• Geographic Distribution
• Virtualization
• Service Orientation
• Low Cost Software
• Advanced Security
Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Lower computing costs:
– No need of a high-powered and high-priced computer to run cloud computing's
web-based applications.
– Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your desktop PC does not
need the processing power or hard disk space demanded by traditional desktop
software.
– When you are using web-based applications, your PC can be less expensive, with a
smaller hard disk, less memory, more efficient processor...
– In fact, your PC in this scenario does not even need a CD or DVD drive, as no
software programs have to be loaded and no document files need to be saved.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Improved performance:
– With few large programs hogging your computer's memory, you will see better
performance from your PC.
– Computers in a cloud computing system boot and run faster because they have fewer
programs and processes loaded into memory.
• Reduced software costs:
– Instead of purchasing expensive software applications, you can get most of what you
need for free.
• most cloud computing applications today, such as the Google Docs suite.
– better than paying for similar commercial software
• which alone may be justification for switching to cloud applications.
Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Instant software updates
– Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced with choosing
between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
– When the application is web-based, updates happen automatically available the next time
you log into the cloud.
– When you access a web-based application, you get the latest version without needing to pay
for or download an upgrade.

• Improved document format compatibility.

– You do not have to worry about the documents you create on your machine being
compatible with other users' applications or OS.
– There are less format incompatibilities when everyone is sharing documents and
applications in the cloud.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Unlimited storage capacity
– Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
– Your computer's current 1 Tera Bytes hard drive is small compared to the hundreds of Peta
Bytes available in the cloud.
• Increased data reliability
– Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes and destroy all your valuable
data, a computer crashing in the cloud should not affect the storage of your data.
• if your personal computer crashes, all your data is still out there in the cloud, still accessible
– In a world where few individual desktop PC users back up their data on a regular basis,
cloud computing is a data-safe computing platform. For e.g. Dropbox, Skydrive
 Advantages of Cloud Computing
– That is not a problem with cloud computing, because you do not take your
documents with you.
– Instead, they stay in the cloud, and you can access them whenever you have a
computer and an Internet connection
– Documents are instantly available from wherever you are.
• Latest version availability
– When you edit a document at home, that edited version is what you see when
you access the document at work.
– The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents as long as you are
connected, you are not in danger of having an outdated version.
 Advantages of Cloud Computing
• Easier group collaboration
– Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
– Many users do this as it is an important advantages of cloud computing
multiple users can collaborate easily on documents and projects
• Device independence
– You are no longer tethered to a single computer or network.
– Changes to computers, applications and documents follow you through the
cloud.
– Move to a portable device, and your applications and documents are still
available.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Requires a constant internet connection
– Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to the Internet.
– Since you use the Internet to connect to both your applications and documents, if you do not
have an Internet connection you cannot access anything, even your own documents.
– A dead Internet connection means no work and in areas where Internet connections are few or
inherently unreliable, this could be a deal-breaker.
• Does not work well with low-speed connections
– Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that found with dial-up services, makes
cloud computing painful at best and often impossible.
– Web-based applications require a lot of bandwidth to download, as do large documents.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Features might be limited
– This situation is bound to change, but today many web-based applications simply
are not as full-featured as their desktop-based applications.
• For example, you can do a lot more with Microsoft PowerPoint than with Google
Presentation's web-based offering
• Can be slow
– Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can sometimes be slower than
accessing a similar software program on your desktop PC.
– Everything about the program, from the interface to the current document, has to
be sent back and forth from your computer to the computers in the cloud.
– If the cloud servers happen to be backed up at that moment, or if the Internet is
having a slow day, you would not get the instantaneous access you might expect
from desktop applications.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
• Stored data might not be secured
– With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the cloud.
• The questions is How secure is the cloud?
– Can unauthorized users gain access to your confidential data ?

• Stored data can be lost!

– Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated across multiple machines.
– But on the off chance that your data goes missing, you have no physical or local backup.
• Put simply, relying on the cloud puts you at risk if the cloud lets you down.
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
– Not clear that you can run compute-intensive HPC applications that use MPI/OpenMP!
– Scheduling is important with this type of application
• as you want all the VM to be co-located to minimize communication latency!

• General Concerns
– Each cloud systems uses different protocols and different APIs
• may not be possible to run applications between cloud based systems
– Amazon has created its own DB system (not SQL 92), and workflow system (many
popular workflow systems out there)
• so your normal applications will have to be adapted to execute on these platforms.
ROOTS OF CLOUD COMPUTING[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282294494_Cloud_Computing_Based_e-
Learning_Opportunities_and_Challenges_for_Tertiary_Institutions_in_Nigeria/figures?lo=1&utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic
SOA, Web Services, Web 2.0, and Mashups

• Part of the Software applications glossary: A mash-up (sometimes

spelled as one word, mashup) is a Web page or application that
integrates complementary elements from two or more
sources. Mash-ups are often defined by the type of content that they
aggregate.(it’s an application!!!!!!!!)
===================================================
• A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a style of software design
where services are provided to the other components by application
components, through a communication protocol over a network.(it’s a
service!!!!!!!!!)
Hardware virtualization
• Cloud computing services are usually backed by large-scale data
centers composed of thousands of computers.

Hardware Virtualization can be considered as a perfect fit to overcome

most Operational Issues of data centre building and maintenance.
Virtual Machines [https://www.dataveneta.it/en/products/virtual-machines-player]
Hardware Virtualization……continued….

• Workload isolation is achieved since all program instructions are fully

confined inside a VM, which leads to improvements in security. Better
reliability is also achieved because software failures inside one VM do
not affect others.
• Workload migration, also referred to as application mobility , targets at
facilitating hardware maintenance, load balancing, and disaster
recovery
• A number of VMM (Virtual Machine Monitor) platforms exist that are
the basis of many utility or cloud computing environments. The most
notable ones, VMWare, Xen, and KVM, are outlined in the following
sections.
• Xen. The Xen hypervisor started as an open-source project and has
served as a base to other virtualization products, both commercial
and open-source. It has pioneered the para-virtualization concept, on
which the guest operating system, by means of a specialized kernel,
can interact with the hypervisor, thus significantly improving
performance. In addition to an open-source distribution, Xen
currently forms the base of commercial hypervisors of a number of
vendors, most notably Citrix XenServer and Oracle VM.
• KVM. The Kernel-Based Virtual machine (KVM) is a Linux virtualization
subsystem. Is has been part of the mainline Linux kernel since
version , thus being natively supported by several distributions. In
addition, activities such as memory management and scheduling are
carried out by existing kernel features, thus making KVM simpler and
smaller than hypervisors that take control of the entire machine.
Autonomic Computing
https://www.slideshare.net/sandpoonia/9-the-semantic-grid-and-autonomic-grid
LAYERS AND TYPES OF CLOUDS
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273897590_The_Challenges_of_Cloud_Computing_Management_Information_Syst
em_in_Academic_Work/figures?lo=1
Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
• Offering virtualized resources (computation, storage, and communication) on
demand is known as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).
• A cloud infrastructure enables on-demand provisioning of servers running several
choices of operating systems and a customized software stack. Infrastructure
services are considered to be the bottom layer of cloud computing systems .
• Amazon Web Services mainly offers IaaS, which in the case of its EC2 (Elastic Cloud
Compute) service means offering VMs with a software stack that can be
customized similar to how an ordinary physical server would be customized.
• Users are given privileges to perform numerous activities to the server, such as:
starting and stopping it, customizing it by installing software packages, attaching
virtual disks to it, and configuring access permissions and firewalls rules etc.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
• A cloud platform offers an environment on which developers create
and deploy applications and do not necessarily need to know how
many processors or how much memory that applications will be using.
In addition, multiple programming models and specialized services
(e.g., data access, authentication, and payments) are offered as
building blocks to new applications.
• Google AppEngine, an example of Platform as a Service, offers a
scalable environment for developing and hosting Web applications,
which should be written in specific programming languages such as
Python or Java, and use the services’ own proprietary structured
object data store.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Applications reside on the top of the cloud stack. Services provided by this
layer can be accessed by end users through Web portals. Therefore,
consumers are increasingly shifting from locally installed computer
programs to on-line software services that offer the same functionally.
Traditional desktop applications such as word processing and spreadsheet
can now be accessed as a service in the Web. This model of delivering
applications, known as Software as a Service (SaaS), alleviates the burden of
software maintenance for customers and simplifies development and testing
for providers .
• Example:- Salesforce.com, which relies on the SaaS model, offers business
productivity applications (CRM) that reside completely on their servers,
allowing costomers to customize and access applications on demand.
Deployment Model: Cloud Computing https://www.javatpoint.com/types-of-cloud
Public + Private + Community + Hybrid
Deployment Model…….continued

• Public cloud as a “cloud made available in a pay-as-you-go manner to

the general public” and private cloud as “internal data center of a
business or other organization, not made available to the general
public.”
• A community cloud is “shared by several organizations and supports a
specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security
requirements, policy, and compliance considerations) .”
• A hybrid cloud takes shape when a private cloud is supplemented
with computing capacity from public clouds . The approach of
temporarily renting capacity to handle spikes in load is known as
“cloud-bursting”
• Advantages and Disadvantages ??
https://www.capgemini.com/gb-en/2018/06/how-hybrid-cloud-is-fueling-digital-
transformation/
• Advantages and Disadvantages ??
https://www.capgemini.com/gb-en/2018/06/how-hybrid-cloud-is-fueling-digital-
transformation/
• Advantages and Disadvantages ??
https://www.capgemini.com/gb-en/2018/06/how-hybrid-cloud-is-fueling-digital-
transformation/
Deployment Model: At a glance
Desired Feature of a Cloud
Certain features of a cloud are essential to enable services that truly
represent the cloud computing model and satisfy expectations of
consumers, and cloud offerings must be :-
(i) self-service,
(ii) per-usage metered and billed,
(iii) elastic,
and (iv) customizable.
Per usages metering and billing
• Cloud computing eliminates up-front commitment by users, allowing
them to request and use only the necessary amount. Services must
be priced on a short term basis (e.g., by the hour), allowing users to
release (and not pay for) resources as soon as they are not needed .
• For these reasons, clouds must implement features to allow efficient
trading of service such as pricing, accounting, and billing .
• Metering should be done accordingly for different types of service
(e.g., storage, processing, and bandwidth) and usage promptly
reported, thus providing greater transparency.
Elasticity
• Cloud computing gives the illusion of infinite computing resources
available on demand . Therefore users expect clouds to rapidly
provide resources in any quantity at any time. In particular, it is
expected that the additional resources can be
• (a) provisioned, possibly automatically, when an application load
increases and
• (b) released when load decreases (scale up and down)
Customization
• In a multi-tenant cloud a great disparity between user needs is often
the case. Thus, resources rented from the cloud must be highly
customizable.
• In the case of infrastructure services, customization means allowing
users to deploy specialized virtual appliances and to be given
privileged (root) access to the virtual servers.
• Other service classes (PaaS and SaaS) offer less flexibility and are
not suitable for general-purpose computing, but still are expected to
provide a certain level of customization.
Cloud Infrastructure Management:-
1) Challenge IaaS providers face when building a cloud infrastructure is
managing physical and virtual resources, namely servers, storage, and
networks, in a holistic fashion.
VIM - Virtual Infrastructure Management- rapid and dynamic!!!
-> Infrastructure sharing software.
->Virtual infrastructure engine.
Features of VIMs
1) Virtualization Support. The multi-tenancy aspect of clouds requires
multiple customers with disparate requirements to be served by a
single hardware infrastructure. Virtualized resources (CPUs,
memory, etc.) can be sized and resized with certain flexibility.
2) Self-Service, On-Demand Resource Provisioning.
This feature enables users to directly obtain services from clouds, such
as spawning the creation of a server and tailoring its software,
configurations, and security policies, without interacting with a human
system administrator. This capability “eliminates the need for more
time-consuming, labor-intensive, humandriven procurement
processes familiar to many in IT”.
Features of VMs……..continued
3) Multiple Backend Hypervisors. Different virtualization models and
tools offer different benefits, drawbacks, and limitations.
This characteristic is more visible in open-source VM managers, which
usually provide pluggable drivers to interact with multiple hypervisors .
In this direction, the aim of libvirt is to provide a uniform API that VM
managers can use to manage domains (a VM or container running an
instance of an operating system) in virtualized nodes using standard
operations that abstract hypervisor specific calls.
Features of VMs……..continued
4) Storage Virtualization. Virtualizing storage means abstracting logical
storage from physical storage. By consolidating all available storage
devices in a data center , it allows creating virtual disks independent
from device and location.
• Storage devices are commonly organized in a storage area network
(SAN) and attached to servers via protocols such as Fibre Channel,
iSCSI(Internet Small Computer Systems Interface), and NFS; a storage
controller provides the layer of abstraction between virtual and
physical storage.
Interface to Public Clouds. Researchers have perceived that extending
the capacity of a local in-house computing infrastructure by borrowing
resources public clouds is advantageous. In this fashion, institutions can
make good use of their available resources and, in case of spikes in
demand, extra load can be offloaded to rented resources .
A VI manager can be used in a hybrid cloud setup if it offers a driver to
manage the life cycle of virtualized resources obtained from external
cloud providers. To the applications, the use of leased resources must
ideally be transparent.
Virtual Networking. Virtual networks allow creating an isolated
network on top of a physical infrastructure independently from physical
topology and locations .
A virtual LAN (VLAN) allows isolating traffic that shares a switched
network, allowing VMs to be grouped into the same broadcast domain.
Additionally, a VLAN can be configured to block traffic originated from
VMs from other networks.
Similarly, the VPN (virtual private network) concept is used to describe
a secure and private overlay network on top of a public network (most
commonly the public Internet).
Dynamic Resource Allocation.

Increased awareness of energy consumption in data centres has encouraged the practice of
dynamic consolidating VMs in a fewer number of servers. In cloud infrastructures, where
applications have variable and dynamic needs, capacity management and demand prediction
are especially complicated.
This fact triggers the need for dynamic resource allocation aiming at obtaining a timely match
of supply and demand .
Energy consumption reduction and better management of SLAs can be achieved by dynamically
remapping VMs to physical machines at regular intervals. Machines that are not assigned any
VM can be turned off or put on a low power state. In the same fashion, overheating can be
avoided by moving load away from hotspots .

A number of VI (Virtual Infrastructure) managers include a dynamic resource allocation feature

that continuously monitors utilization across resource pools and reallocates available resources
among VMs according to application needs.
Virtual Clusters. Several VI managers can holistically manage groups of
VMs. This feature is useful for provisioning computing virtual clusters
on demand, and interconnected VMs for multi-tier Internet
applications.
Reservation and Negotiation Mechanism. When users request
computational resources to available at a specific time, requests are
termed advance reservations (AR).
This is especially useful in clouds on which resources are
scarce(limited); since not all requests may be satisfied immediately,
they can benefit of VM placement strategies that support queues,
priorities, and advance reservations .
High Availability and Data Recovery. The high availability (HA) feature of VI
managers aims at minimizing application downtime and preventing business
disruption. A few VI managers accomplish this by providing a failover
mechanism, which detects failure of both physical and virtual servers and
restarts VMs on healthy physical servers. This style of HA protects from host,
but not VM, failures.

• For mission critical ( above will not work)applications, when a failover

solution involving restarting VMs does not suffice, additional levels of fault
tolerance that rely on redundancy of VMs are implemented. In this style,
redundant and synchronized VMs (running or in standby) are kept in a
secondary physical server. The HA solution monitors failures of system
components such as servers, VMs, disks, and network and ensures that a
duplicate VM serves the application in case of failures .
Data Recovery…Continued…..

Data backup in clouds should take into account the high data volume
involved in VM management. Frequent backup of a large number of
VMs, each one with multiple virtual disks attached, should be done with
minimal interference in the systems performance.
In this sense, some VI managers offer data protection mechanisms that
perform incremental backups of VM images. The backup workload is
often assigned to proxies, thus offloading production server and
reducing network overhead.
CHALLENGES AND RISKS
• Issues to be faced include user privacy
• Data security, data lock-in
• Availability of service
• Disaster recovery
• Performance
• Scalability
• Energy-efficiency
• Programmability.
Security, Privacy, and Trust
• Security and privacy affect the entire cloud computing stack, since there is a
massive use of third-party services and infrastructures that are used to host
important data or to perform critical operations. In this scenario, the trust toward
providers is fundamental to ensure the desired level of privacy for applications
hosted in the cloud.
• Legal and regulatory issues also need attention. When data are moved into the
Cloud, providers may choose to locate them anywhere on the planet. The physical
location of data centers determines the set of laws that can be applied to the
management of data.
• For example, specific cryptography techniques could not be used because they are
not allowed in some countries. Similarly, country laws can impose that sensitive
data, such as patient health records, are to be stored within national borders.
Data Lock-In and Standardization
• A major concern of cloud computing users is about having their data locked-in by a certain
provider. Users may want to move data and applications out from a provider that does not
meet their requirements. However, in their current form, cloud computing infrastructures
and platforms do not employ standard methods of storing user data and applications.
Consequently, they do not interoperate and user data are not portable. The answer to this
concern is standardization. In this direction, there are efforts to create open standards for
cloud computing.
• The Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF) was formed by organizations such as
Intel, Sun, and Cisco in order to “enable a global cloud computing ecosystem whereby
organizations are able to seamlessly work together for the purposes for wider industry
adoption of cloud computing technology.” The development of the Unified Cloud Interface
(UCI) by CCIF aims at creating a standard programmatic point of access to an entire cloud
infrastructure.
• In the hardware virtualization sphere, the Open Virtual Format (OVF) aims at facilitating
packing and distribution of software to be run on VMs so that virtual appliances can be made
portable—that is, seamlessly run on hypervisor of different vendors.
Availability, Fault-Tolerance, and Disaster
Recovery
• It is expected that users will have certain expectations about the service level
to be provided once their applications are moved to the cloud. These
expectations include availability of the service, its overall performance, and
what measures are to be taken when something goes wrong in the system or
its components.
• In summary, users seek for a warranty before they can comfortably move
their business to the cloud. Trust Management in the Cloud
• SLAs, which include QoS requirements, must be ideally set up between
customers and cloud computing providers to act as warranty. An SLA specifies
details of the service to be provided, including availability and performance
guarantees. Additionally, metrics must be agreed upon by all parties, and
penalties for violating the expectations must also be approved
Resource Management and Energy-
Efficiency
 One important challenge faced by providers of cloud computing
services is the efficient management of virtualized resource pools.
 Physical resources such as
 CPU cores, disk space, and network bandwidth must be sliced and
shared among virtual machines running potentially heterogeneous
workloads.
CHALLENGES AND RISKS……continued…..

• The multi-dimensional nature of virtual machines complicates the

activity of finding a good mapping of VMs onto available physical
hosts while maximizing user utility. Dimensions to be considered
include: number of CPUs, amount of memory, size of virtual disks,
and network bandwidth.
• Dynamic VM mapping policies may leverage the ability to suspend,
migrate, and resume VMs as an easy way of pre-empting low-priority
allocations in favor of higher-priority ones.
CHALLENGES AND RISKS……continued…..

Migration of VMs also brings additional challenges such as detecting when

to initiate a migration, which VM to migrate, and where to migrate.

In this case, an additional concern is the trade-off between the negative

impact of a live migration on the performance and stability of a service and
the benefits to be achieved with that migration
CHALLENGES AND RISKS……continued…..
• Another challenge concerns the outstanding amount of data to
be managed in various VM management activities. Such data
amount is a result of particular abilities of virtual machines, including
the ability of traveling through space (i.e., migration) and time (i.e.,
check pointing and rewinding), operations that may be required in
load balancing, backup, and recovery scenarios.
• In addition, dynamic provisioning of new VMs and replicating existing
VMs require efficient mechanisms to make VM block storage devices
(e.g., image files) quickly available at selected hosts.
CHALLENGES AND RISKS……continued…..

• Data centers consumer large amounts of electricity. According to a

data published by HP, 100 server racks can consume 1.3MW of power
and another 1.3 MW are required by the cooling system, thus costing
USD 2.6 million per year. Besides the monetary cost, data centers
significantly impact the environment in terms of CO2 emissions from
the cooling systems .
• In addition to optimize application performance, dynamic resource
management can also improve utilization and consequently
minimize energy consumption in data centers. This can be done by
judiciously consolidating workload onto smaller number of servers
and turning off idle resources
• Chapter-I Part-I ends here.
• Next part is dedicated to the Virtualization.