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Lecture Introduction

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9 views39 pages

Lecture Introduction

Uploaded by

TarunSreeraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cell Biology or Biology of the cell

• Understanding the nature, and functions of


the living subunit of life, CELL
• Ensemble of many things with specific
functions, but none works independently.
General perception of non-scientific and
even the scientific community
• I don’t believe it until I see it!!!
Journey of Cell Biology started with
the discovery of microscope (light!)
Discovery of cell: from a dead tissue

• First microscope made by Robert Hooke in 1665.


Cell theory
• All organisms are composed of one or more
cells
• The cell is structural unit of life
• Cells can arise only by division from a pre-
existing cell
Basic properties of cells
• Highly complex and organized
• Activities are remarkably precise
• Basic mechanisms, organelles that make cells of different
organisms are similar.
• Undergo differentiation, growth, division, and death.
• Acquire and utilize energy
• Most of the processes are programmed (genetically and
molecularly)
• Carry out chemical reactions, mechanical activities, respond
to stimuli (extracellular)
• Capable of self-regulation
The Structure of a Cell

• All cells have


– Plasma membrane
– Cytosol
– DNA
– Ribosomes
Two Major Types of Cells

• Prokaryotic
– No membrane bound organelles
– Make up Domains Archaea and Eubacteria

• Eukaryotic
– Membrane-bound organelles
– Make up Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia,
Protista, and Fungi
Organisms: uni vs. multicellular
• Some organisms are nothing more than a single
cell “all their life”-Unicellular
• Organisms made up with many cells of various
types with specialized organization and functions
(considering the fact that almost every cell has
same genetic information)- Multi-cellular
• All multicellular organisms start as a single cell
• Survival rely on the ability to ‘divide and grow’,
‘divide and grow’ and so on
Cell Division and growth

• Cell division is cell’s way of reproducing ( generating decendants)


• Ancestors (parents) and decendedants (kids) : apply to both at
the cellular and organismal levels.
A prokaryotic cell
Uni-cellular:Eukaryote

• Unlike prokaryotes, these have DNAs in the nucleus and also have
something, very nice yet complex package of DNA and proteins
Overview of most primitive Eukaryotic cell:
Yeast
Overview of an animal cell

Cytoplasm:
everything inside the cell
but the nucleus
Overview of a plant cell
Cell (organism) division of unicellular
prokaryotes :fission

• After division, organisms usually drift apart.


• Even if they stay together (some cases), it is only as a primitive
clump of cells with no complex organization or specialization
Multi-cellular

• We become multi-cellular by a series of cell divisions, in the way kind of


similar to how unicellular organisms reproduce
• But instead of drifting apart, most cells stick together and organize to
specialized “colony” that eventually grow into the organ/organism.
cells at different stages
Gene (and/vs.?) Genome
Why need genes?
• The instructions to build a cell are coded as
genetic information in genes.
• The exact way a cell uses its genetic
information controls how the cells will behave.
• Behaviour causes the cells to organize in
specialized ways, such as to produce specific
proteins, to carry out certain functions
• Specialization goes linearly with the complexity
of the organisms.
DNA-Chromosome
Cell division of eukayotes is more
complicated than prokaryotes because

• Their genetic material is in a nucleus


• More than one chromosome
• Two types of nuclear division: mitosis and
meiosis
• Both the divisions follow cell vision and the
purpose of both is reproduction
Mitosis
• Asexual reproduction: reproduction without
sex
• Produces identical nuclei, a dominant type of
nuclear division
• Purpose is to increase the number of nuclei
(turn one nucleus of zygote cell to make
trillions of nuclei in whole organism)
• Nuclear division usually follows cell division
(leads to increase in cell number)
Meiosis
• Meiosis is a very specialized type of nuclear
division occurring only in cells that will
become gametes (sex cells - sperm and egg).
• So meiosis is required for sexual
reproduction; reproduction using gametes.
• Meiosis produces diverse nuclei due to
recombination.
• Final product is cells with haploid DNA
Cell reproduction
• Cell reproduction is a fundamental feature of
all living things
• The process occurs in discrete steps following
specific order of events.
• It involves two major steps: duplication and
division
• Both must be achieved with extreme precision
over countless generations.

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