PLANT DISEASE

MANAGEMENT
Plant disease management depends on accurate diagnosis, a
complete understanding of the disease cycle and biology of
disease, and potential interventions that include genetic
resistance, quarantine, sanitation and hygiene, soil and water
management, and fungicides.
Types of symptoms of Plant Diseases

1. Necrotic - spots, blights, canker and scab

2. Hypoplastic – stunting, chlorosis, mottle and mosaic
3. Hyperplastic - gall, fasciation and greening
Classification of Plant Diseases

1. Infectious (biotic) - diseases caused by fungi, prokaryotes (bacteria and

mycoplasma), viruses and viroid's, nematodes, protozoa and parasitic higher
plants.
2. Non-infectious - diseases caused by too low and too high a temperature,
lack or excess in soil moisture; lack or excess of light, lack of oxygen, air
pollution, nutrient deficiencies, mineral toxicity, soil acidity and alkalinity
(pH), pesticides toxicity and wrong cultural practices.
 Parasitism and Disease Development
1. Parasite - an organism that lives on or in some other organism and obtains its own food
from the host.
2. Parasitism - the relationship between the parasite and its hosts.
3. Symbiosis - both the plant and the microorganism are beneficial to each other’s development,
e.g. root nodule bacteria of legumes and mycorrhiza infection of feeder roots of most flowering
plants.
4. Pathogenicity - ability of the parasite to interfere with one or more of the essential functions
of the plant. Its role is actually the ability to cause plant disease.
5. Obligate Parasite - grows and reproduces in nature only in the living host.
6. Non-obligate Parasite - lives on either living or dead host and on various nutrient media.
7. Saprophyte - grows on a non-living substrate.
Development of diseases in plants

Three components:

1. Susceptible plant
2. Virulent pathogen
3. Favorable environmental conditions
 Stages in the development of diseases:
The Diseases Cycle
■ Disease Cycle - the chain of
events which occurs in succession
and leads to the development and
perpetuation of the disease and the
pathogen.,
The disease cycle sometimes
corresponds fairly closely to the life
cycle of the pathogen, but it refers
primarily to the appearance,
development and perpetuation of the
disease as the pathogen relates to it
rather than to the pathogen itself.
Principles of Plant Disease Management

1. Exclusion - exclude the pathogen from the host through quarantines and inspections;
evasion of pathogen, and use of pathogen-free propagating material.
2. Eradication/Reduction – eradicate or reduce the pathogen inoculum through
3. Immunization or Improving Host Resistance – through cross protection, induced
resistance, improving the growing conditions of plants, and use of resistant varieties.
4. Direct Protection of Plants from Pathogen - by the use of biological control and
chemical control.
Some common diseases of horticultural
plants
•Disease
Abaca Mosaic
•Symptoms
Spindle-shaped chlorotic streaks, 20-30 mm long by 2-3 mm wide, running parallel with the
veins starting from the midrib toward the margin of the leaf which later turn rusty in color.
•Control
Roguing of infected is essential to slow down spread of the disease. Clean culture is also
advocated especially in the elimination of altemate hosts like Canna Indicu, Digitaria
sanguinalis, Echifnachlon colonum, Imperatu cylindrica, Mitrantha arundinacea, Musa spp.,
Rattboella exaltata, and Zea mays. New planting material should not be obtained from
mosaic infected plants as the virus is also present in the corn.
•Disease
Banana
Sigatoka leaf spot
•Symptoms
Presence of gray spots with dark spots (yellow brown or black margin) with yellow halo on the leaf. These
spots can coalesce to form large areas of light brown, dried-up leaf tissue,
•Control
Diseased leaves with 50 percent or less infection are trimmed while leaves with more than 75 percent
infection are completely cut. Spray fungicide (Mancozeb, Chlorothalonil, Propiconazole, Tridemorp).
• Disease
Bunchy top
•Symptoms’
Plarit has rosette or bunch-top appearance due to reduced leaf size.
• Control
Roguing of infected plants and control Insect vector with the use of insecticides (Chlorpyrifos, Fenitrothion).
Use clean planting materials.
• Disease
Cacao / Black rot and stem canker
• Symptoms
Caused by Phytophthors palmivora. Infection starts as circular brown spots which enlarge concentrically and
evenly. Damaged tissues are soft and the demarcation line between healthy and affected tissue is abrupt. Infected
pods become black, hard, and dry. A reddish brown ooze appears on split bark of trunk or buds.
• control
Remove all infected stems and fruits. Burn stem or treat with fungicides. Reduce excessive humidity in the
plantation by better drainage and regular pruning of shade trees. Spray the tree with 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture of
Mancozed Z-78 (60 g/20L).
• Disease
Vascular streak dieback
• Symptoms
Yellowing of one or two leaves on the second or third flush below the growing tip. This change develops into small
sharply defined green spots scattered over a yellow background. Diseased leaves fall, short lateral shoots grow
from the leaf axils. Unhardened leaves and shoot may show oak-leaf pattern due to tissue death between lateral
veins. Infected shoots show brown streak at the woody vine beneath the bark.
• Control
Use of resistant varieties and removal of infected plants.
• Disease
Citrus / Leaf mottling (greening disease)
•Symptoms
Infected plants assume an upright growth habit; leaves turn dark olive green and later show mottling
appearance; fruits are undersized and exhibit premature color break.
• Control
Use disease-free planting materials. Roguing of infected plants. Control oil insect vector (Diapheriors
citril by insecticidal spray (Malathion, Pyrethemid, Delmamethrin,etc.)
• Disease
Canker
• Symptoms
Appearance of small, nearly circular, yellow spots which tum into brown, corky spots with yellow
halo on the leaves.
• Control
Sanitation by moving infected plant.Spraying copper-based, fungicide, e.g
• Disease
Coconut / Bud rot
• Symptoms
Tree exhibits dull yellow leaves which brown and droop. Rotti otting of the bod
accompanied by a foul odor is the most nationable sign of infection.
• Control
Infected trees must be tees must be cut down and bum as soon as the sign of infection is
medical to prevent sprend of the disease
• Disease
Cadang-kadang
• Symptoms
Numerous spots in the leaflets which makes the lower2/3 of the crown appear yellow to
bronze in color. The young leaf is shorter and upright in the crown. The nuts become
smaller and the trees have lower nut production 2-3 years after Infection
• Control
Removal of infection plans and replanting of diseases area
• Disease
Coffee
• Symptoms
Small yellowish transhavent spots in the lower surface of the leaf. As the spots enlarge, powdery yellow to orange
spores are produced in the lower surface of the leaves. Adjacent spots may coalesce forming irregular spots which
with age tum brown due to destroyed leaf cells. Eventually, affected leaves drop leaving bare branches and if
condition is allowed to be unchecked every year, the tree may die.
• Control
Use resistance strains of Arabica coffee (52288). Spray susceptible varieties with copper fungicides like hydroside
at 2-3 weeks interval at the start of heavy rains until the berries mature.
• Disease
Die back
• Symptoms
Drying of branches and twigs starting from the tip and progressing downwards.
• Control
The vigor of coffee trees may be maintained by fertilizing with the right kind and amount of nutrients at The proper
time. Plant growth and development should be regulated to prevent overbearing by pruning or providing shade of
suitable intensity. Use copper fungicide.
• Disease
Cucurbits Downy mildew
• Symptoms
The disease appears as small, angular yellow spots on the upper surface of the leaves and purplish mildew on the lower
surface. Severely Infected leaves become chlorotic, turn brown and die.
• Control
Spray with chlorothalonil, or Mancozeb. Some degree of control has been obtained with resistant varieties, such as the
recommended ones.
• Disease
Powdery mildew
• Symptoms
The first sign is the presence of talcum like growth on the surface of the leaves and young stems. In severe cases, the leaves
and young stems are killed. Under favorable conditions thigh day temperatures and relative humidity, and cool nights), an
entire cucurbit field may be seriously affected within a few days and looks as if it is dusted with flour.
• Control
Spray or dust the vines thoroughly with fungicides such as Benomyl, Thiophanate methyl, Dimethirimol, Oxythioquinox,
and Chlorothanil. The use of tolerant varieties, such as Dulce and Tam Dew is good. Insurance against the disease. UPL-C
1 and UPL. Cu 2 are resistant cucumbers.
• Disease
Legumes / Fusarium rot and stem rot
• Symptoms
The First symptom is a reddish discoloration of the root which gradually darkens and finally turns brown. The diseased
plants may appear stunted; during dry weather, the leaves turn yellow and drop.
• Control
The most successful control is crop rotation with cereals. Use resistant or tolerant varieties. The recommended varieties of
cowpea and sumilang bush sitao are relatively resistant to fusarium rot.
• Disease
Rust of bush sitao
• Symptoms
The first symptoms appear as small white spots or flecks on the underside of the leaves. Within a few days, the spots break
open into rust-colored pustules about pinhead size. A week or so after the pustules appear, the entire leaf begins to turn
yellow. Later, it turns brown, dries up, and eventually falls.
• Control
Spray with Benomyl, Thiophanate methyl, Oxycarboxin, or Mancozeb.
• Disease
Mango Anthracnose
• Symptoms
Attacks the young leaves, flowers and developing fruits. On the leaves, there is a shot-hole appearance
with a black margin. Affected flowers are blighted and turn black in color. On the fruits, there is the
appearance of black sunken spots.
•Control
Spraying of fungicides (Mancozeb, Benomyl and Manzate) on leaves, flowers and developing fruits. For
mature fruits after harvesting, hot water treatment (52- 55 C for 10 min).
• Disease
Stem-end rot
• Symptoms
Infection starts at the stem-end of the fruit. It is characterised by light brown to black lesions followed by
the disintegration of the inner tissues which become soft and watery.
• control
Dipping fruits in 600-1000 ppm Benomyl plus 0.05 percent Tween 40 for 10 min. Hot water treatment
(52-55 for 10 min)..
• Disease
Onion Bulb rot
• Symptoms
The disease is caused by a fungus Fusarium spp. Found in the soil. Symptom consist of progressive yellowing and
dying back of the leaves from the tip. Later, the build and root system show semi-watery rotting infection is often
associated with insect wounds.
• Control
The Disease is extremely difficult to control. However, crop rotation, sanitation, and proper insect control are practice
which can help. Apply either Mancozeb or manob a soil drench.
• Disease
Papaya / Ring spol
• Symptoms
Leaves are wrinkled, chlorotic, stunted. On stems, water-soaked spots appear. On fruits, dark green ringspots appear.
• Control
Roguing of infected plants, control of insect vector (aphids) by insecticidal sprays (Malathion, Azinphos ethyl, etc.).
Avoid intercropping with cucurbits.
• Disease
Anthracnose
• Symptoms
Fruit has water- soaked circular lesions which are sunken and turn brown to black. Infected portions have
an unpleasant flavor.
• Control
Spray fungicide (Mancozed, Captain) at regular intervals.
• Disease
Pineapple / heart rot (stem rot or top rot)
• Symptoms
Rooting of the tissue at or near the central base of the plant. Leaves easy to pull from points of
attachment.
• Control
Plant in well-drained areas, care in weeding and hilling-up to prevent soil particle coming in the contact
with the “heart” of the plant, spraying, with fungicide (Difolatan, caftan).
• Disease
Patato / Root-knot nematod
• Symptoms
Above-ground symptoms resemble those caused by nutrient deficiency, drought injury, or other factors damaging
roots.
• Control
Crop rotation is a practical and effective y, means of minimizing the Incidence of root- knot nematodes. The
incorporation of it chicken manure (which is a good medium for fungi that attack nematodes) in the soil y before
planting keeps down nematode population to a tolerable level.
• Disease
Tomato, / Pepper, and Eggplant Bacterial wilt
• Symptoms
This is the most widespread and destructive disease of Solonaceous crops. The internal browning of the water-
conducting tissue, the production of a glistening gray to yellowish bacterial ooze, and the rapid wilting and drying
of susceptible plants are the most reliable symptoms of the disease Planting bacterial wilt-tolerant varieties is the
best insurance against the di
•Control
Planting bacterial wilt-tolerant varieties is the best insurance against the disease..
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