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    Divyansh Jain

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    Divyansh Jain

    Uploaded by

    aksaraf1508
    3 views10 pages

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    Copyright:

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    3 views10 pages

    Divyansh Jain

    Uploaded by

    aksaraf1508

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Divyansh Jain

    Roll no - 0198CS211033
    The Memory Hierarchy:
    From Registers to Disk
    The memory hierarchy is a fundamental concept in computer architecture,
    describing the different types of memory and storage used in a computer system.
    This hierarchy ranges from the fastest and most expensive registers to the slower
    but higher-capacity storage like hard drives and optical discs.
    Registers: The Fastest
    Memory
    Registers are the closest memory to the CPU, offering extremely fast access
    times measured in nanoseconds. They store the data and instructions the CPU is
    currently working with, enabling efficient processing. Registers are crucial for
    maximizing performance in modern computers.
    Cache Memory: Bridging the Gap
    What is Cache? Levels of Cache Importance of Cache

    Cache memory is a small, fast There are typically three levels Cache memory is essential for
    memory located between the of cache: L1, L2, and L3. Each boosting performance, as it helps
    CPU and main memory. It stores level is larger and slower than minimize the time the CPU
    frequently accessed data and the previous, but still much spends waiting for data from
    instructions, reducing the time it faster than main memory. main memory.
    takes for the CPU to fetch them.
    Main Memory (RAM): Volatile
    Storage
    1 Dynamic RAM (DRAM) 2 Faster Access
    Main memory, or RAM, is a volatile Main memory is faster than secondary
    storage that holds the data and storage like hard drives, allowing the
    instructions the CPU needs to access CPU to access data and instructions
    quickly. DRAM is the most common more efficiently.
    type of main memory.

    3 Limited Capacity
    However, main memory is limited in capacity compared to secondary storage, so virtual
    memory is used to extend the available memory.
    Virtual Memory: Extending Main Memory

    Swap Space 1
    Virtual memory uses a portion of the hard
    drive, called swap space, to extend the
    available memory beyond the physical 2 Page Swapping
    RAM. When the CPU needs to access data not
    currently in RAM, the operating system
    will swap pages of memory between
    Efficient Management 3 RAM and the swap space on the hard
    Careful management of the virtual drive.
    memory system is crucial to ensure
    smooth operation and prevent
    performance degradation.
    Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Affordable Bulk
    Storage
    Magnetic Storage Mechanical Access Capacity Leader
    HDDs store data using HDDs have moving parts, HDDs continue to dominate
    magnetic recording on which makes them more the market for mass storage
    spinning platters, providing vulnerable to physical damage due to their high capacity and
    large storage capacity at a and slower access times affordability, especially for
    relatively low cost. compared to solid-state drives. backup and archiving
    purposes.
    Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Fast and
    Reliable Storage

    Speed Durability Cooler Operation


    SSDs use flash memory to provide SSDs have no moving parts, SSDs generate less heat than
    much faster data access and making them more resistant to HDDs, resulting in more efficient
    transfer speeds compared to physical shock and vibration and quieter system operation.
    traditional HDDs. damage.
    Optical Storage: Portable and
    Archival
    CD/DVD
    Optical discs like CDs and DVDs use a laser to read and write data, providing a
    portable and relatively inexpensive storage medium.

    Blu-ray
    Blu-ray discs offer higher storage capacity and improved data transfer rates, making
    them suitable for high-definition video and backup purposes.

    Archival Storage
    Optical discs are also commonly used for long-term data archiving due to their
    durability and resistance to magnetic interference.

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