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ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING (ODL) – Slide 3

CHAPTER 1 : Introduction to Signals & Systems

Sub topic
Representation of signal – Singularity Function
Learning Outcomes

The students should be able to:

• Draw the signal from equation of singularity

function.
• Write the equation from the given graphic of
singularity function.
• Write the signal output in piece wise continuous
function.
Representation of signals

3 basic signals

i. Unit Step
ii. Unit Ramp
iii.Unit Impulse
 Representation of signals

The equation defines what a unit-step function.

The value of a unit-step function is one, for
values of t > 0, and it is zero, for values of t < 0.

It is undefined at t = 0. The unit-step function

Graphic has a value between 0 and 1, at t = 0. The value
of the unit-step function changes suddenly, at t =
0. Because of the step change in unit-step
function at t= 0, the value of derivative of unit
step function is infinite at t = 0.

Math In other words, the unit-step function is

discontinuous at t = 0. It can be seen that the
derivative of unit-step function is zero at all
instants, except t = 0.
 Representation of signals

Symbol shift is ‘-’

u(t+1) u(t-1)
u(t – (-1) u(t – (+1)
u(t+1) u(t-1)
Graphic
1 1

-1 t 1 t

Math
{
𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) = 0 ; 𝑡 <−1
1; 𝑡 ≥ −1 {
𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) = 0 ; 𝑡 <1
1; 𝑡 ≥ 1

Ideal condition Shift to the left Shift to the right

 Representation of signals

Remember this equation in math : y= mx + c , this is the time to apply it!

The ramp function has zero value in the range
defined by t < 0. When t > 0, the ramp function
increases linearly with time.

The unit-step function and the ramp function

Graphic are related.

We can define the unit-step function, as the

derivative of the ramp function,.

Math Alternatively, we can state that the ramp

function is the integral of the unit-step
function.
 Representation of signals

The unit impulse function, designated δ(t), is

also called the Dirac delta function. Its use in
network theory, control theory and signal
theory is widespread and it is important
because of its properties and the insight it
offers about the network to which it is applied.
Graphic
The impulse function is related to the unit-step
function. It is the integral of the impulse
function.

Alternatively, the unit impulse function is

Math
defined as the derivative of the unit step
function
Representation of signals

The unique property of unit impulse

aka delta function, i.e

Amplitude is infinite
Area always at 1!
Representation of signals
Properties of Impulse function

Amplitude at time zero is infinite

Amplitude is zero at any ‘t’ except t not at zero. (t = time)

Area always 1

5. Integral property
The integral of the impulse is one. So if we consider the integral (with b>a)

In other words, if the integral includes the origin (where the impulse lies), the
integral is one. If it doesn't include the origin, the integral is zero.
Likewise, and by similar reasoning, if the impulse is not at the origin (and b>a)
Representation of signals
Properties of Impulse function
6. Shifting property

We can simplify this integral by noting that

because the impulse is zero everywhere except
when t=0 we can replace δ(t)·f(t) by δ(t)·f(0).
We can now pull f(0) out of the integral
(because it is a constant).

This is called the "sifting" property because the

impulse function δ(t-T) sifts through the
function f(t) and pulls out the value f(T).
 Representation of signals

Example 1

2
1 3

2
1

3
 Example 1 …. Details

Step 2(i) – 3 signals

3
1 2 unit step – no.1 and no. 3
1 unit ramp – no.2

2
1 Step (ii)
Signal no. 1 -> (+1)u( t –(-1)) = u(t+1)
3
Signal no.2 -> (slope) [r(t-(-1)) – r(t-(+1))]
How to solve? Calculate the slope, m =
i. Identify how many basic signal involve?
ii. Write the signal amplitude(y-axis) and where it started
(-1) [r(t+1)) – r(t-1)]
(time axis)
Except ramp signal – it have extra , i.e slope value
Signal no. 3 -> (+1)u( t –(+1)) = u(t-1)
iii. Sum all the signal, and solve the math (if applicable) Step (iii)
to simplify as the final equation
u(t+1) + (-1)[r(t+1) – r(t-1)] + u(t-1)
u(t+1) -r(t+1) + r(t-1) + u(t-1) #
Example 1 …. Details

1
de
Signal no. 1 is going up
-> amplitude (+1)
1

-1
Step (ii)
Signal no. 3 is going up
-> amplitude (+1)
Signal no.2 -> (slope) [r(t-(-1)) – r(t-(+1))] -1
Calculate the slope, m =
Slope (-1) due to the signal is decreasing

(-1) [r(t+1)) – r(t-1)]

Start End
point point
Representation of signals

Exercise 1

Answer
2r(t-3)
Representation of signals

Exercise 2

δ(t-2)
 Representation of signals

Example 2

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)

Signal (iii) and (iv) are the

simplification of 2 units ramp
-r(t+1) + 2r(t) – r(t-1)
(-1) [r(t+1)) – r(t-1)]
Break the
i. Identify the signal may exist signal into minus
this form slope Start End
ii. Sketch the signal for point point
each equation
iii. Combine the sketch as -r(t+1) + r(t) + r(t) – r(t-1)
continuous signal
(-1)[r(t+1) - r(t)] + (+1)[r(t) – r(t-1)]
(iii) (iv)
Representation of signals

Exercise 3

a)
 Representation of signals

Example 3

(3) Identify the output at each different region of time

(2)
(1)
(4) (4)
(2)
(3)
(1)
(4)

Note: For unit ramp, you must apply the y= mx + c to represent the output
Representation of signals

Exercise 4
Representation of signals – past exam
Exam question : Jan 2012
1. Represent the signals in terms of step function only and sketch the signals.

Exam question : Jan 2013

1. Define and sketch two types of singularity functions.

Exam question : Nov 2011

1. Consider the signal shown in Figure Q1b.
Representation of signals – past exam
Exam question : Jun 2016
1. Express the signal in Figure Q2a in terms of piecewise continuous function.

2. Express the signal in Figure Q2b in terms of the sum of singularity functions and
sketch its integration.
Representation of signals – past exam
Exam question : Oct 2008
a) For the signal y(t) shown in Figure Q2c below :

i) Represent the signal y(t) in term of a singularity function.

ii) Sketch the integral of y(t) i.e  y() d. (Not yet cover – later on)
- End -