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TRANSFORMER
Learning Outcomes:
• Explain the operating
principles of transformer
• Describe relationship
primary/ secondary
• Identify types of transformer
Transformer
A transformer is a device Transformers range in size
which uses the from the miniature units
phenomenon of mutual used in electronic
induction to change the applications to the large
values of alternating power transformers used in
voltages and currents. power stations.
Transformer Construction
• A transformer consists of two windings connected by a magnetic
core.
• Primary winding is connected to a power supply and the other
winding is connected to a load.
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
Transformer
Construction
• Function of primary winding is to receive the energy from the ac
source,
• Laminated core provide a path for the magnetic line of flux
• Secondary winding is to receive energy from the primary winding
and delivers it to the load
Operating
Principles
• When an alternating voltage, VAC is apply to a primary winding and the
secondary winding is an open-circuit, a small current will flows in the
primary winding which produces induce emf, e1 in the laminated core.
• This alternating flux will links with secondary coils then produces mutual
induced emf of e2.
Operating • The induced emf, E in a coil of N turns
is given by
Principles
• In the ideal transformer, the rate of change
Operating of flux is the same for both primary and
Principles secondary
• The induced emf per turn is constant. By
assuming no losses, E1 = VP and E2 =VS
Operating • When load is connect across the secondary
Principles winding, a current Is flows.
• In an ideal transformer, losses are neglected and
a transformer is considered to be 100% efficient.
• The primary and secondary volt-amperes are
equal
• Input powers = output power or VPIP = VS IS
Operating
Equation 1
Principles
Equation 2
The relationship of primary
and secondary in terms of
Equation 3
winding, voltage and current.
Transformer • The comparison between primary
Ratio and secondary elements.
• Flux which produced by primary
winding completely inducing to
secondary winding.
• Therefore, emf induced in all
windings are similar for primary
and secondary winding.
TRANSFORMER
RATIO
Constant K is known as
voltage transformation ratio
Transformer Ratio
• If Ns > Np then K > 1 therefore this
called step-up transformer.
– A transformer in which the output
(secondary) voltage is greater than its
input (primary) voltage
• Applications – Step-up transformer is
used in transmission lines for
transforming the high voltage
produced by the alternator
Transformer Ratio
• If Ns < Np then K < 1 therefore this
transformer is called step-down
transformer
– A transformer in which the output
(secondary) voltage is less than its input
(primary) voltage
• Applications – It is used for electrical
isolation, in a power distribution
network, for controlling the home
appliances, in a doorbell
Transformer Ratio
• For Ns = Np then K = 1
therefore this is coupling
transformer.
– Frequently used to step up
transmission line signals
Example A transformer is to be used to provide
a 60 V output from a 240 V AC
(1)
supply.
Approximate:
i) the turns of ratio required
ii) the number of primary turns, if the
secondary is wound with 500 turns.
Solutions: Given,
So the turns of ratio,
Solutions:
ii) the number
of primary
turns, if the
secondary is
wound with 500
turns
Example A transformer is to be used to provide
a 70 V output from a 420 V AC
(2)
supply.
Approximate:
i) the turns of ratio required
ii) the number of primary turns, if the
secondary is wound with 200 turns.
Solutions:
A transformer is to be
used to provide a 70 V
output from a 420 V AC
supply.
Approximate:
i) the turns of ratio
required
ii) the number of primary
turns, if the secondary is
wound with 200 turns.
The numbers of windings for the three
Example (3) transformers are as below:
a) Np = 100, Ns = 2000
b) Np = 3000, Ns = 2000
c) Np = 100, Ns =100
Identify the value of K for each
transformer then determine the type
of transformer.
Solutions: a)
Identify the value of K
for each transformer then
determine the type of
transformer.
b)
c)
Example (4) A 2000/200V, 20kVA
transformer has 70 turns
in the secondary.
Determine the primary
turns.
Solutions:
Example A 11 000 V/400 V, 50 Hz single-phase
transformer has 80 turns on the secondary
(5)
and 625A full-load secondary current.
(a) the approximate values of the primary
currents;
(b) the approximate number of primary
turns;
Solutions:
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTIONS
i) Core type ii) Shell type
• the winding surround • the core surround is
considerable part of the core considerable portion of the
• Single phase core type winding
transformer consists of two • shell type consists of one
windings and one core winding and two cores
TRANSFORMER TYPES
i) Core type ii) Shell type
• provides better insulation between • provide a higher degree of
the primary and secondary mechanical protection to the
because of its inherent two winding winding because it is surrounded by
core.
• to increase voltage from a standard
• used in transmission of multiple
240V supply up to 415V, instead of high and low voltages - used for
using three phase supply - most larger transformer.
commonly used method of
construction (smaller core means
less weight and expense)
