Introduction To Heat Transfer
Introduction To Heat Transfer
Transfer
Heat transfer is the movement of thermal energy from one substance to another.
It plays a crucial role in various natural and industrial processes, including the
functioning of engines, refrigerators, and solar panels.
Modes of Heat Transfer
1 Conduction
Heat transfer through direct contact between substances.
2 Convection
Heat transfer through the movement of fluids.
3 Radiation
Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves.
Conduction
1 Direct Contact 2 Thermal Equilibrium
Occurs when two objects at different Heat flows from the hotter end to the
temperatures come into direct contact cooler end until thermal equilibrium is
with each other. reached.
3 Materials
Materials with high thermal conductivity are good conductors of heat.
Convection
Natural Convection Forced Convection
Occurs due to density differences in the fluid caused Involves the use of external devices such as fans or
by temperature gradients. pumps to enhance the fluid flow.
Radiation
Energy Transfer
Occurs through electromagnetic waves without requiring a medium.
Speed of Light
Travels at the speed of light and can even pass through a vacuum.
Heat Sources
All objects emit thermal radiation due to their temperature.
Heat Transfer Equations
Fourier's Law Newton's Law of Cooling
Relates the rate of heat transfer to the Describes the cooling of a warmer object to
thermal gradient. the temperature of its surroundings.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Specifies the total energy radiated by a black body in terms of its temperature.
Applications of Heat Transfer