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Computer Architecture

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7 views

Computer Architecture

Uploaded by

kashifabbasi8910
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Architecture

By: Mansoor Ahmed Mangi


INTRODUCTION
Lecture #1
Introduction
• Computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the
functionality, organization, and impalement of computer system.
• Computer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of controlling the
needs of the user of a structure and the designing to meet those who needs
as effectively as possible within economic and technological constrain.
• Structure: static arrangement of the parts.
• Organization: dynamic interaction of the parts and their controls
• Impalements: design of specific building and blocks
Structure and function
Structure is the way in which components related to each other.

Function is the operation of individual components as part of the


structure

All computer functions are


Data processing
Data storage
Data movement
Control
Why Computer Architecture ?
• Because computer architecture is perhaps important and most fundamental subject
in computer science without computer the field of computer science dose not exit.
• Whatever we do, be it surfing the web, sending email, writing a document, is on top
of computer architecture, or computers. The subject explores how machines are
designed, built, and operate.
• Knowing what's inside and how it works will help you design, develop, and
implement applications better, faster, cheaper, more efficient, and easier to use
because you will be able to make informed decisions instead of estimating and
assuming.
History and earliest computer architecture

• The first documented architecture was in the correspondence between Charles


Babbage and Ada Lovelace, describing the analytical engine.
• The earliest computer architecture was designed on paper and then directly built
into the final hardware form. Later computer architecture prototype were
physically built in form of a transistors- transistors logic (TTL).
• The term architecture in computer literature can be traced to the work of Von
Neumann and its team Johnson, Frederick Brooks, jr, and Muhammad Usman khan
all members of machine organization department in main research enter 1951.
There are two basic types of computer
architecture

• Von Neuman architecture


• Harvard Architecture
Von Neumann architecture
• Von Neumann architecture was first published by von Neumann in 1951
• This design is still used in most computers produced today
• In weather mainframe or PC (personal computer)
Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored –program computer
concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same
memory.
Stored-program means

• Data + Instruction
• both are directly add into main memory
Data Instruction
a=20 Sub= subtraction
b=10 sum= addition
c=a+b MOV=movie
Von Neuman Architecture
Stored-program concept

• Main memory storing programs/instruction and data


• ALU operate on binary data
• Control unit interpreting instruction from memory and executing
• Input output equipment operated by control unit
Solution

• Increase number of bits retrieved at one time


• Change DRAM interface
• Reduce frequency of memory access
• Increase interc0nnection bandwidth
o High speed buses
o Hierarchy of buses
Harvard Architecture

• The Harvard architecture has a physically separated storage and signal


pathway for instructions and data
• In Harvard architecture computer the CPU can read both an instruction but
from another buses and another separated memory
Harvard architecture
The Discipline of Computer Architecture has three
main Subcategories

• Instruction Set Architecture defines the machine code that a processor reads and
acts upon as well as the word size, memory address modes .processor registers and
data type.
• System Design includes all of the other hardware components within a computer
system. These include
• Micro Architecture, Computer Organization describes how a particular processor
will implement the size of a computer's CPU cache for instance, is an issue that
generally has nothing to do with the ISA
Computer Architecture and Computer Organization

Computer Architecture Computer Organization


• What • How
• Deals with high level design issues • Deals with the low-level design issues
(logic circuits

• Functional behaviour • Structure behaviour


• Designing of computer • Designing of computer
• (first) • (second)
• Instruction set, addressing modes • Circuit design signals ALU, CPU
data type memory
Computer Architecture
CPU structures and functions
Lecture #2
CPU Structure
CPU
 Fetch instruction
 Interpret
 Fetch data process data and write data
Registers
 CPU must have some working space (temporary memory)
 Number and function vary between processor designs
 One of the major design decision
 Top level of memory hierarchy
Control unit
coordinate sequence of executing steps
ALU
perform reckoning and logical processing
Fetch in Instruction
from memory

fetch

the Newly processed is


written back into the
memory location on
HHD or SSD Decode the
R Instruction
A
ALU stored M decode Control unit

Execute
Execute the
Instruction
Fetch cycle
• PC (program counter) holds address of next instruction to fetch.
• Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC
Execute cycle
• Processor-Memory
• Data transfer between CPU and main memory
• Processor I/O
• Data transfer between CPU and I/O module
• Data processing
• Some reckoning or logically operations on data
• Control
• Altering of sequence of operation
Interrupt cycle
• Processor checks for interrupt
Indicated by an interrupt signal
• If no interrupt , fetch next instruction
• If interrupt pending
Suspend execution of current program
Save context
Set pc to start addressing of interrupt handler routine
Process interrupt
Restore context and continue interrupted program
Multiple interrupt

• Disable interrupts
• Process will ignore further interrupt while processing one interrupt
• Interrupts remain pending and are checked after first interrupt has been
processed
• Interrupt handled in sequence as they occur
Prefetch

• Fetch accessing main memory


• Executing usually dose not access main memory
• Can fetch next instruction during executing of current instruction
• This is called prefetch
• But improved performance required
• Actually fetch shorten then execution
• We cant prefetch more then one instruction

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