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Lecture 3 History

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15 views7 pages

Lecture 3 History

Uploaded by

floweryyeeaarr
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Application of

ICT
KHADIJA TUZ ZAHRA
Brief history of computer and the four
stages of history

The history of computers can be broadly categorized into four stages:


Mechanical Era
Electromechanical Era
Electronic Era
Microprocessor Era
1. Mechanical Era (1623 - Late 19th Century)

Charles Babbage (1791 - 1871): Often regarded as the "father of the


computer," Babbage conceptualized the Analytical Engine, a mechanical
device capable of performing various calculations. Though never
completed during his lifetime, his designs laid the foundation for future
computing machines.
Blaise Pascal (1642): Pascal invented the Pascaline, a mechanical
calculator capable of performing addition and subtraction. It was one of
the earliest mechanical devices designed for arithmetic calculations.
2.Electromechanical Era (Late 19th
Century - 1940s)
Herman Hollerith (1890): Developed the punched card tabulating
machine, which was used for processing data in the 1890 U.S. Census.
This marked the transition from purely mechanical devices to
electromechanical systems for data processing.
Konrad Zuse (1936 - 1941): Built the Z1, one of the earliest
programmable computers. Zuse's work laid the groundwork for future
digital computers by introducing the concept of binary logic and
programmability.
3. Electronic Era (1940s - present)
ENIAC (1946): Developed by John Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
was the world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer.
It introduced the use of vacuum tubes for electronic computation.
Transistors and Integrated Circuits (1950s - 1960s): The
invention of transistors and integrated circuits revolutionized
computing by replacing bulky vacuum tubes with smaller, more
reliable components. This led to the development of smaller and
more powerful computers.
4. Microprocessor Era (1970s - present)
Intel 4004 (1971): The Intel 4004 microprocessor, developed by Ted Hoff,
Federico Faggin, and others, was the world's first commercially available
microprocessor. It integrated the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) onto
a single chip, paving the way for the modern era of personal computing.
Personal Computers (1980s - present): The introduction of affordable
microprocessors and advancements in software led to the rise of personal
computers (PCs). Companies like Apple and IBM played key roles in
popularizing PCs, making computing accessible to individuals and businesses
worldwide.
These stages represent significant milestones in the
evolution of computing technology, from early
mechanical devices to the sophisticated digital
systems we use today. Each stage built upon the
innovations of the previous era, driving progress and
shaping the future of computing.

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