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Lesson - 4 - Structures - and - Organelles W6

The document discusses the structures and organelles found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their functions. It describes key cellular components like the cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and lysosomes. It compares the structures found in plant and animal cells and provides an example of organelle functions in protein synthesis.

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29 views24 pages

Lesson - 4 - Structures - and - Organelles W6

The document discusses the structures and organelles found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their functions. It describes key cellular components like the cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, and lysosomes. It compares the structures found in plant and animal cells and provides an example of organelle functions in protein synthesis.

Uploaded by

jansameh16
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson 4

Structures and Organelles


Focus Question

What are the structures and their functions in


prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
New Vocabulary
cytoplasm chloroplast
cytoskeleton ribosome
centriole nucleolus
cilium endoplasmic reticulum
flagellum Golgi apparatus
cell wall vacuole

mitochondrion lysosome
Review Vocabulary

enzyme: a protein that speeds up the rate of a


chemical reaction
Common Features of Cells…
1. Cell Membrane “ already studied in previous
lesson “

2. Cytoplasm
3. Cytoskeleton
4. Ribosomes
5. DNA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
Cell Structures
 Cytoplasm
The environment enclosed by the plasma membrane is a semifluid
material called cytoplasm.
• In prokaryotes, all the chemical processes of the cell take place
directly in the cytoplasm.
• In eukaryotes, these processes take place within organelles in
the cytoplasm.
Cell Structures
 Cytoskeleton
• It is a supporting network of long, thin
protein fibers that form a framework for
the cell.

• Microtubules are long, hollow protein


cylinders that form a rigid skeleton for the
cell and help move substances within the
cell.
• Microfilaments are thin protein threads
that help give the cell shape and enable it
to move.
• Centrioles, which are made of
microtubules, function during cell
division.

*** Plant cells do not contain centrioles.


Cell Structures
 Cilia and flagella
They are made of microtubules.
• Cilia are short, numerous projections that look like
hair and that move in tandem, like oars in a rowboat.
• Flagella are longer and less numerous than cilia.
They move with a whip-like motion.
Cell Structures
 The cell wall
*** Its found in the plant cell as a thick, rigid
mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of
the plasma membrane.
The cell wall:
• Protects the cell and gives it structure
• Is made from a carbohydrate called
cellulose
*** The cell wall of prokaryote functions
similarly to a plant cell wall.
The prokaryote cell wall:
• Protects the cell and gives it structure
• Is made from peptidoglycan
Processing Energy
 Chloroplasts
• Plant cells and some other eukaryotes also contain
chloroplasts, which capture light and convert it into
chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts are composed of multiple small disks called
thylakoids, which contain the light-capturing pigment
called chlorophyll.
Processing Energy
 Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion)
• convert fuel particles into usable energy.
• They have an outer membrane and a highly
folded inner membrane that provides surface
area for breaking the bonds in sugar
molecules.
Controlling Cell Activities
 The nucleus
• The nucleus of a cell
contains most of the cell’s
DNA, which stores
information used to make
proteins that determine a
cell’s growth, function,
and reproduction.
• The nucleus is surrounded
by a double membrane
called a nuclear envelope.
Manufacturing Proteins
 Ribosomes
• They are organelles that
manufacture proteins.
• Unlike other organelles,
ribosomes are not
membrane-bound.
• Ribosomes are
produced inside the
nucleus in the
nucleolus.
Manufacturing Proteins

 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)


• It is a membrane system of
folded sacs and
interconnected channels
that serves as the site for
protein and lipid synthesis.
• There are two types of
endoplasmic reticulum:
• rough
• smooth
Processing, Transporting, and Storing Molecules

 The Golgi apparatus


• It is a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts,
and packages proteins.
• Proteins are packaged into sacs called vesicles, which can
fuse to the plasma membrane and release the proteins
to the environment.
Processing, Transporting, and Storing Molecules
 vacuole
• A Vacuole is a membrane-bound sac used for
temporary storage.
• Vacuoles store food, enzymes, or waste.
• Vacuoles are found only in plant cells.
Processing, Transporting, and Storing Molecules
 Lysosomes
• They are vesicles that
contain substances
that digest excess or
worn-out organelles
and food particles.
• They also digest
bacteria or viruses that
invade the cell.
Comparing Cells

• Plant cells have:


• Chloroplasts/chlorophyll
• Vacuoles
• Cell walls

• Animal cells generally do not have these


features.
Organelles at Work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

• Knowledge of organelles allows for an increased


understanding of cellular processes.
• Protein synthesis begins in the nucleus with DNA.
• RNA and ribosomes leave the nucleus and
produce a protein on the endoplasmic
reticulum.
• Proteins produced in the ER are sent to Golgi
apparatus for packaging.
• Packaged proteins are delivered to other
organelles, where they serve a variety of
functions.
Quiz

1. Which structure is found in both plant and animal


cells?

A chloroplast

B vacuole

C ribosome CORRECT

D cell wall
Quiz

2. In which structure would you expect to find a cell wall?

A human skin cell C blood cell from a cat

B leaf cell from a tree D liver cell from a mouse


CORRECT
Quiz

3. Which structure synthesizes


proteins that will be used
by the cell?

A chromatin

B nucleolus

C ribosome CORRECT

D endoplasmic reticulum
Quiz

4. Which is not a component of the cytoskeleton?

A microtubule C microfilament

B cell wall D centriole


CORRECT
Quiz

5. Which is the site of


protein synthesis?

A nuclear pore C chromatin

B endoplasmic reticulum D nucleolus


CORRECT

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