Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa Institute Of Technology
Department Of Electrical And Computer Engineering
Course Name : Modern Physics
Course Number : ECEG-2101
Title : Computed Tomography ( CT )
Name : Birhane Desta
ID No: ATE/4385/12
Submission Date : Jan, 2024
Submitted To : Mr Tizazu Bireda
Introduction
• A computed tomography is a computerized x-ray imaging procedure in which a narrow
beam of X-ray is aimed at a patient.
• and quickly rotated around the body, producing signals that are processed by the
machine’s computer to generate cross-sectional images, or “slices.”
• These slices are called tomographic images and can give a clinician more detailed
information than conventional x-rays.
• Once a number of successive slices are collected by the machine’s computer, they can
be digitally “stacked” together to form a 3D image of the patient.
• This allows us for easier identification of basic structures as well as possible tumors or
abnormalities.
• For instance , if a person has a condition like a heart disease , spinal cord injuries or
brain injuries , CT scans can spot it or help the doctors to see any changes in our body .
• A CT scan shows an internal injuries and bleeding; such as those who caused by a car
accident .
… Introduction
Image of a CT scan machine
Background theory of CT scan
• The first commercially available CT scanner was created by British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield of
EMI Laboratories in 1972.
• He co-invented the technology with physicist Dr. Allan Cormack.
• Both researchers were later on jointly awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine .
• Before that , it was the mathematical theory of Johann Radon in the early 1917 , called “Radon
transform,” that brought the technology to life .
How does CT work?
• a CT scanner uses a motorized x-ray source that rotates around the circular opening of a donut-
shaped structure called a gantry.
• During a CT scan, the patient lies on a bed that slowly moves through the gantry while the x-ray
tube rotates around the patient, shooting narrow beams of x-rays through the body.
• CT scanners use special digital x-ray detectors, which are located directly opposite the x-ray
source.
• As the x-rays leave the patient, they are picked up by the detectors and transmitted to a computer.
How does CT work?
Basic Principle of CT scan
• X-ray Beam: A narrow beam of x-rays is directed towards the patient's body.
• Rotation: The x-ray tube and detector assembly rotate around the patient, capturing multiple views of
the body from different angles.
• Attenuation Measurement: As the x-ray beams pass through the body, they are attenuated or
absorbed to varying degrees by different tissues. The attenuation is measured by the detector, which
records the intensity of the x-rays that reach it.
• Data Acquisition: The measurements of attenuation are collected at multiple positions and angles,
creating a set of data known as projections.
• Image Reconstruction: The collected data is processed by a computer to generate cross-sectional
images, or slices, of the body. This process involves complex mathematical algorithms that reconstruct the
density information from the attenuation measurements.
• Cross-Sectional Images: The reconstructed images provide detailed information about the internal
structures and organs of the body, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and evaluate various
conditions.
Application of CT Scan
• Here are some of the key applications of CT scans.
• 1. Diagnosis of Diseases and Conditions:
• - CT scans are commonly used for diagnosing various diseases and conditions affecting different
parts
• of the body, including the brain, chest .
• - CT scans can help identify abnormalities such as tumors, infections and internal bleeding .
• - They are particularly useful in detecting solid tumors, lung diseases, kidney stones and bone
fractures.
• 2. Emergency Medicine:
• - CT scans play a crucial role in emergency medicine, allowing for rapid evaluation and diagnosis of
trauma patients.
• - They have an important role by guiding an immediate medical interventions.
• 3. Surgical Planning and Guidance:
• - CT scans provide detailed anatomical information.
• - They can be used to assess the location, size, and extent of tumors .
• -they can be used in aiding in surgical navigation and minimizing risks.
… application of CT scan
4. Cancer Staging and Monitoring:
• CT scans are valuable in cancer staging, helping determine the extent of tumor spread
and guiding treatment decisions.
• They can also be used to monitor the response to cancer treatment, assessing tumor
size and changes over time.
Safety cautions
A. For human operators
• Wear proper personal protective equipment to minimize radiation exposure.
• Keep the radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable .
• Ensure all operators receive training and certification in radiation safety.
• Maintain and inspect CT scan equipment regularly to prevent malfunctions.
• Minimize repeat scans through proper communication and double-checking.
• Establish emergency protocols and have necessary equipment readily available.
… continued safety cautions
B. For patients :
• Educate patients about the procedure, its benefits, and any potential risks involved.
• check pregnancy status and take special precautions for pregnant women .
• Provide clear instructions for proper positioning and cooperation during the scan to minimize the need for
repeat scans.
• Double-check patient identification to prevent errors that may result unnecessary repeat scans .
C. Physical Facilities :
• Ensure the CT scan room is properly shielded to contain radiation and protect individuals outside the room.
• Regularly inspect and maintain CT scan equipment to ensure optimal performance and minimize the risk of
malfunctions.
• Implement quality assurance programs to verify that the equipment is functioning properly and delivering
accurate radiation doses.
• Establish emergency protocols and procedures to handle unexpected situations, such as equipment
malfunction, power failure, or patient distress during the scan.
• Maintain a safe and clean environment, following infection control measures to prevent the spread of infection
Conclusion
• In conclusion, CT scans have revolutionized the field of medicine, providing detailed cross-sectional
images that aid in the diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring of various diseases and
conditions.
• They offer a non-invasive and efficient means of visualizing internal structures and identifying
abnormalities.
• With ongoing advancements, CT scans continue to enhance diagnostic capabilities, making them an
invaluable tool in modern medicine.
• CT scan is one of the many technologies that show possible ways to treat diseases in a faster,
simple, and painless way.
Reference used
. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research , YouTube , Biomedical Imaging and
Bioengineering .
