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Chapter 5 and Seven

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52 views31 pages

Chapter 5 and Seven

Uploaded by

alemaklil21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Mechanical design of an

Overhead lines and


insulators
Line supports
The line supports are poles and the chief requirements
for such supports are :
i) They must be mechanically strong with factor of safety of
2.5 to 3 .
ii ) They must be light in weight without the loss of strength .
iii ) They must have least number of parts .
iv ) They must be cheap .
v) Their maintenance cost should be minimum .
vi ) They must be easily accessible for point and erection of
line conductors .
vii ) They must have longer life .
viii ) They must be of pleasing shape .
The different types of poles which can be used as line
supports are :

a. Wooden poles .
b. Steel tubular poles
c. Reinforced concrete poles .
d. Steel towers .

Fig.(1):Single-phase single-circuit
1. Wooden pole
Used for shorter distance up to 50 met.

The main objection of it are:


 Tendency to rot below ground

 Smaller life span(20-25year)

 Can not be used for voltage > 20KV

 Less mechanical strength


Spacing between the conductors

• The most suitable spacing


between the conductors
can be arrived at by
mathematical calculations.
• It can only be obtained by
empirical formulae which
have been obtained from
practical considerations.

Fig.(7):Three-phase single circuit horizontal disposition of conductor and steel towers


• Generally the following formulae are used for obtaining
spacing between the conductors :
d
spacing  0.01 V kv  1.24 D feet

• Where,
Vkv : is voltage in kilovolts .

d : is diameter of conductor
in inches .
w : is weight of conductor
in lb. per foot run .
D : is sag in feet .
Sag-tension calculations for the
overhead lines
• The theory of sag tension calculation is based on the fact
that when a wire of uniform cross-section is suspended
between two points at the same level , the wire sags down
and assumes the shape of a " catenaries " .
• The line between the two points must be so tensioned that .
,
.
Effect of ice covering and wind
over the line
• Under the severest conditions of ice covering and wind ,
the stress over the line is increased to the maximum . The
ice covering over the conductor increase the weight of the
conductor per unit length . Let , ( d cm ) be the diameter
of the conductor and ( r cm ) be the radial thickness of ice.

Fig.(10): Representation of conductor covered with ice


• Cross-sectional area of the conductor
 d 2

4
• Overall cross-sectional area when covered with ice

 (d  2 r ) 2

4
• Sectional area of the ice   d2
= (d  2 r ) 
2

4 4

= [ (d  2 r )2  d 2 ]
4

= [ d 2  4 r 2  4 d r d 2 ]
4
= r ( d  r )
• Density of ice  0.915 g / cm 3

• Weight of ice per meter length

  r ( d  r )  100  0.915  10 3 Kg
 0.287 r ( d  r ) Kg

• The minimum temperature is assumed to be 22oF

• The effect of wind is allowed for by assuming that the wind


is blowing with a velocity of ( 80.45 km ) per hour across
the line . It is equivalent to a pressure of ( 33.7 km ) per
square meter of the projected surface to the line to ice .
• The projected surface per meter length of the conductor

( d 2 r )
 1 sq.m
100

• So , wind pressure Pw per meter run of the line in a


horizontal direction ,

( d 2 r )
Pw  33.7 
100
 0.337 ( d  2 r ) Kg
Fig.(11):Representation of resultant force acting on the
conductor .
• So , the resultant force Wi acting on the conductor from
figure , is given as :

W i  (w  w i )  P 2
w
2
Example
An overhead line has a span of 220 meters , the lines
conductor weights 684 km . per 1,000 meters . Calculate the
max. sag in the line , if the maximum allowable tension in the
line is 1,450 kg
Solution
l  220 m
W l 2

= Maximum sag 8 T T 0  1, 450 Kg


0

Weight per unit length Max. sag


684
 Kg 0.684  220  220
1, 000 
 0.684 Kg 8  1, 450
 2.85 m
,
Insulators
 The overhead line conductors should be supported on the poles or
towers in such away that currents from the conductors don’t flow to
earth through supports i.e line conductors should be insulated properly
from the supports
 The insulator provides necessary insulation between the conductors
and supports and thus prevents any leakage current flow from line to
earth. The insulators should have the following desirable properties
Types of insulating materials
1. Pin type insulator ; as the name indicates that the pin type insulator
are secured to the cross-arm on the pole . There is the grove on the
upper end of insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor
passes through this grove and bounded with same wire. This type of
insulation is used for a voltage magnitude up to 33KV. Beyond it the
pin type insulation is too bulky and hence uneconomical.
2. Suspension insulator
 The cost of pin type insulator increases rapidly as working voltage
is increased.
 For high voltage it’s usual practice to use suspension type
insulator so that to reduce tx cost. It
,
,
Potential distribution over suspension insulator
string
 A string of suspension insulator consists number of discs connected
series through metallic links. Fig 1(i) shows 3-disc connected
through metallic link b/n each disc.
 Therefore, each disc forms a capacitor C as shown in fig 1(i) and
creates mutual or self capacitance as shown in fig 1(ii).
 For, mutual capacitance only the charging current b/n each disc is
same and hence voltage b/n each unit have been same(V/3) as
shown in fig 1(ii).
 However, in actual practice capacitance also exists b/n metal fitting
of each disc and the towers. This is known as shunt capacitance C1.
due to this capacitance charging currents through each disc is not
equal and thus voltage across each disc will be different as shown in
fig 1(iii). The disc nearest to the line has maximum voltage.
V3>V2>V1
,

,
String efficiency
• This unequal potential difference across the disc is undesirable and
usually expressed in terms of string efficiency.
,

,
Method for improving string efficiency
,
example
,
Cont…

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