Definitions

 Computer Security - generic name for the

collection of tools designed to protect data and
to thwart hackers
 Network Security - measures to protect data
during their transmission
 Internet Security - measures to protect data
during their transmission over a collection of
interconnected networks
 Aim of Course
 our focus is on Internet Security
 which consists of measures to deter,
prevent, detect, and correct security
violations that involve the transmission &
storage of information
 OSI Security Architecture
 ITU-T X.800 “Security Architecture for OSI”
 defines a systematic way of defining and
providing security requirements
 for us it provides a useful, if abstract,
overview of concepts we will study
 Aspects of Security
 consider 3 aspects of information security:
 security attack
 security mechanism
 security service
 Security Attack
 Any action that compromises the security of
information owned by an organization.
 Information security is about how to prevent
attacks, or failing that, to detect attacks on
information-based systems
 often threat & attack used to mean same thing
have a wide range of attacks
 can focus of generic types of attacks
 passive
 active
Passive Attacks
Active Attacks
 Security Service
 Enhance security of data processing systems
and information transfers of an organization.
 Intended to counter security attacks using one
or more security mechanisms .
 often replicates functions normally associated
with physical documents
• which, for example, have signatures & dates;
• need protection from disclosure, tampering, or
destruction;
• be notarized or witnessed;
• be recorded or licensed
 Security Services
 X.800:
“a service provided by a protocol layer of
communicating open systems, which ensures
adequate security of the systems or of data
transfers”

 RFC 4949:
“a processing or communication service
provided by a system to give a specific kind of
protection to system resources”
 Security Services (X.800)
 Authentication - assurance that the
communicating entity is the one claimed
 Access Control - prevention of the
unauthorized use of a resource
 Data Confidentiality –protection of data from
unauthorized disclosure
 Data Integrity - assurance that data received is
as sent by an authorized entity
 Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by
one of the parties in a communication
 AUTHENTICATION

The assurance that the communicating entity is the

one that it claims to be.
Peer Entity Authentication
Used in association with a logical connection to
provide confidence in the identity of the entities
connected.
Data-Origin Authentication
In a connectionless transfer, provides assurance that
the source of received data is as claimed.
 ACCESS CONTROL
 Theprevention of unauthorized use of a
resource
 DATA CONFIDENTIALITY
Connection Confidentiality
 The protection of all user data on a connection.
Connectionless Confidentiality
 The protection of all user data in a single data block.
Selective-Field Confidentiality
 The confidentiality of selected fields within the user
data on a connection or in a single data block.
Traffic-Flow Confidentiality
 The protection of the information that might be
derived from observation of traffic flows.
 DATA INTEGRITY

 The assurance that data received are exactly as sent

by an authorized entity.
 Connection Integrity with Recovery
 Connection Integrity without Recovery
 Selective-Field Connection Integrity
 Connectionless Integrity
 Selective-Field Connectionless Integrity
 NONREPUDIATION

 Provides protection against denial by one of the

entities involved in a communication of having
participated in all or part of the communication.
Nonrepudiation, Origin
 Proof that the message was sent by the specified
party.
Nonrepudiation, Destination
 Proof that the message was received by the specified
party.
 Security Mechanism
 feature designed to detect, prevent, or
recover from a security attack
 no single mechanism that will support all
services required
 however one particular element underlies
many of the security mechanisms in use:
 cryptographic techniques
 hence our focus on this topic
 Security Mechanisms (X.800)
 specific security mechanisms:
 encipherment, digital signatures, access

controls, data integrity, authentication

exchange, traffic padding, routing control,
notarization
 pervasive security mechanisms:
 trusted functionality, security labels, event

detection, security audit trails, security

recovery
Encipherment
The use of mathematical algorithms to transform data into a
form that is not readily intelligible. The transformation and
subsequent recovery of the data depend on an algorithm and
zero or more encryption keys.
Digital Signature
Data appended to, or a cryptographic transformation of, a data
unit that allows a recipient of the data unit to prove the source
and integrity of the data unit and protect against forgery (e.g.,
by the recipient).
Access Control
A variety of mechanisms that enforce access rights to
resources.
Data Integrity
A variety of mechanisms used to assure the integrity of a data
unit or stream of data units.
Authentication Exchange
 A mechanism intended to ensure the identity of an entity
by means of information exchange.
Traffic Padding
 The insertion of bits into gaps in a data stream to frustrate
traffic analysis attempts.
Routing Control
 Enables selection of particular physically secure routes for
certain data and allows routing changes, especially when a
breach of security is suspected.
Notarization
 The use of a trusted third party to assure certain properties
of a data exchange.
 PERVASIVE SECURITY MECHANISMS
Mechanisms that are not specific to any particular OSI
security service or protocol layer.
Trusted Functionality
 That which is perceived to be correct with respect to some
criteria (e.g., as established by a security policy).
Security Label
 The marking bound to a resource (which may be a data
unit) that names or designates the security attributes of
that resource.
Event Detection
 Detection of security-relevant events.
Security Audit Trail
 Data collected and potentially used to facilitate a
security audit, which is an independent review and
examination of system records and activities.
Security Recovery
 Deals with requests from mechanisms, such as event
handling and management functions, and takes
recovery actions.
Relationship Between Security Services and
Mechanisms
Model for Network Security
 Model for Network Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. Design a suitable algorithm for the security
transformation
2. Generate the secret information (keys) used by the
algorithm
3. Develop methods to distribute and share the secret
information
4. Specify a protocol enabling the principals to use the
transformation and secret information for a security
service
All the techniques for providing security have two
components:
 A security-related transformation on the information to be
sent.
 Some secret information shared by the two principals and, it
is hoped, unknown to the opponent.

A trusted third party may be needed to achieve secure

transmission.
For example, a third party may be responsible for distributing
the secret information to the two principals while keeping it
from any opponent. Or
A third party may be needed to arbitrate disputes between the
two principals concerning the authenticity of a message
transmission.
This general model shows that there are four basic tasks in
designing a particular security service:

1. Design an algorithm for performing the security-related

transformation. The algorithm should be such that an
opponent cannot defeat its purpose.
2. Generate the secret information to be used with the
algorithm.
3. Develop methods for the distribution and sharing of the
secret information.
4. Specify a protocol to be used by the two principals that
makes use of the security algorithm and the secret
information to achieve a particular security service.
Model for Network Access
Security
 Model for Network Access
Security
 using this model requires us to:
1. select appropriate gatekeeper functions to
identify users
2. implement security controls to ensure only
authorised users access designated
information or resources
 trusted computer systems may be useful
to help implement this model
 Summary
 have considered:
 definitions for:
• computer, network, internet security
 X.800 standard
 security attacks, services, mechanisms
 models for network (access) security