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10 views

Array Points

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221090
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COMPUTER

PROGRAMMING

LECTURE # ARRAYS

1
NO BOUNDS CHECKING IN C++

 When you use a value as an array subscript, C++ does not


check it to verify that it is a valid subscript.
 In other words, you can use subscripts that are beyond the
bounds of the array.

 The original C++ language don’t provide any bound checking


CODE FROM PROGRAM 7-5
 The following code defines a three-element array, and then
writes five values to it!
WHAT THE CODE DOES
NO BOUNDS CHECKING IN C++

 Be careful not to use invalid subscripts.

 Doing so can corrupt other memory locations, crash program,


or lock up computer, and cause elusive bugs.
WATCH FOR OFF-BY-ONE ERRORS
 A common mistake is the off-by-one error .
 An off-by-one error happens when you use array subscripts that
are off by one.
 This can happen when you start subscripts at 1 rather than 0:

// This code has an off-by-one error.


During the loop’s execution, the
const int SIZE = 10; variable count takes on the values 1
int numbers[SIZE]; through 10, when it should take on the
values 0 through 9.

for (int count = 1; count <= SIZE; count++)


numbers[count] = 0;
IMPLICIT ARRAY SIZING
 Can determine array size by the size of the initialization
list:
int quizzes[]={12,17,15,11};

12 17 15 11

 Must use either array size declarator or initialization list


at array definition
PROCESSING ARRAY CONTENTS
 Array elements can be treated as ordinary variables of
the same type as the array

 When using ++, -- operators, don’t confuse the element


with the subscript:
tests[i]++; // add 1 to tests[i]

tests[i++]; // increment i, no
// effect on tests
COPYING AN ARRAY TO ANOTHER

To copy one array to another,


 Don’t try to assign one array to the other:

newTests = tests; // Won't work

 Instead, assign element-by-element:


for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)
newTests[i] = tests[i];
PRINTING THE CONTENTS OF AN ARRAY

 You can display the contents of a character array by sending


its name to cout:

char fName[] = "Henry";


cout << fName << endl;

But, this ONLY works with character arrays!


PRINTING THE CONTENTS OF AN ARRAY

 For other types of arrays, you must print element-by-element:

for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE; i++)


cout << tests[i] << endl;
STATEMENT EXECUTION

3 7 5 9 6

Iteration No. Value of i Statement


Execution
1st 0 Sum=sum+arr[0]
2nd 1 Sum=sum+arr[1]
3rd 2 Sum=sum+arr[2]
4th 3 Sum=sum+arr[3]
5th 4 Sum=sum+arr[4]

13
STATEMENT EXECUTION

3 7 5 9 6

Iteration No. Value of i Statement Value of


Execution sum
1st 0 Sum=sum+arr[0] 3
2nd 1 Sum=sum+arr[1] 10
3rd 2 Sum=sum+arr[2] 15
4th 3 Sum=sum+arr[3] 24
5th 4 Sum=sum+arr[4] 30

14
SUMMING AND AVERAGING
ARRAY ELEMENTS

 Use a simple loop to add together array elements:


int tests;
double average, sum = 0;
for(tnum = 0; tnum < SIZE; tnum++)
sum += tests[tnum];
 Once summed, can compute average:
average = sum / SIZE;
FINDING THE MAX VALUE IN AN ARRAY
int count;
int highest;
int SIZE = 4
highest = numbers[0];
for (count = 1; count < SIZE; count++)
{
if (numbers[count] > highest)
highest = numbers[count];
}
When this loop is finished, the highest variable will
contains the highest value in the numbers array.
FINDING THE MIN VALUE IN AN ARRAY

int count;
int lowest;
lowest = numbers[0];
for (count = 1; count < SIZE; count++)
{
if (numbers[count] < lowest)
lowest = numbers[count];
}

When this code is finished, the lowest variable will contains the lowest value in
the numbers array.
PROCESSING PARTIALLY-FILLED
ARRAYS
 Sometimes you need to store a series of items in
an array, but you do not know the number of
items that there are.
 E.g.taking a quiz in class
 Don’t know in advance about the no of students
present
 As a result, you do not know the exact number
of elements needed in the array
 One solution is to make the array large enough to
hold the largest possible number of items.
PROCESSING PARTIALLY-FILLED
ARRAYS
 This can lead to another problem, however if the
actual number of items stored in the array is less
than the number of elements
 i.e. the array will be only partially filled.
 When you process a partially filled array, you
must only process the elements that contain valid
data items
 To deal with partially filled arrays, use a counter
variable to keep track of the number of valid items
stored in the array.
SAFE USE OF PARTIALLY FILLED
ARRAYS
const int SIZE = 100;
int numbers[SIZE];
int count = 0;
Each time we add an item to the array, we must increment count .
int num;
cout << "Enter a number or −1 to quit: ";
cin >> num;
55 60 80 -1
while (num != −1 && count < SIZE)
{
numbers[count] = num;
count++;
cout << "Enter a number or −1 to quit: "; Count=3
cin >> num;
0 1 2 …… 99
} 55 60 80 ……. ……
SAFE USE OF PARTIALLY FILLED
ARRAYS
Using the count to determine the maximum array subscript
to use.
0 1 2 …… 99
55 60 80 ……. ……

Count=3

for (int index = 0; index < count;


index++)
{
cout << numbers[index] << endl;
}
SPECIAL FOR LOOP IN C++ 11
 The range-based for loop is a loop that iterates once for
each element in an array.

 Each time the loop iterates, it copies an element from the


array to a variable.

 The range-based for loop was introduced in C++ 11.


SPECIAL FOR LOOP IN C++ 11
for (dataType rangeVariable :
array )
statement;
 datatype: is the data type of the range
variable & array
 rangeVariable: is the name of the range
variable.
 This variable will receive the value of a different/next
array element during each loop iteration.
 array: name of the array
 Statement: statement that executes
SPECIAL FOR LOOP IN C++ 11
int numbers[] = { 3, 6, 9 };
for (int val : numbers)
cout << val << endl;
 Unlike
regular for loop, this loop automatically
know the no of elements in the array
 Therefore you don’t need to specify counter variable
to control its iteration as you do in regular for loop
 Stepping is also automatically carried out
SPECIAL FOR LOOP IN C++ 11
THE USE OF AUTO KEYWORD
 You can use the auto key word to specify the range
variable’s data type

int[] numbers = { 3, 6, 9 };
for (auto val : numbers)
cout << val << endl;
MODIFYING AN ARRAY WITH A RANGE-
BASED FOR LOOP
 As the range-based for loop executes, its range variable
contains only a copy of an array element.

 As a consequence, you cannot use a range-based for


loop to modify the contents of an array unless you
declare the range variable as a reference
MODIFYING AN ARRAY WITH A RANGE-
BASED FOR LOOP
 A reference variable is an alias for another value.
 Any changes made to the reference variable are actually
made to the value for which it is an alias.
 To declare the range variable as a reference variable,
simply write an ampersand ( & ) in front of its name in
the loop header
0 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
RANGE-BASED FOR VS. REGULAR FOR
 Can be used in any situation where you need to step
through the elements of an array, and you do not need to
use the element subscripts.
 It will not work, however, in situations where you need
the element subscript for some purpose.
 In those situations, you need to use the regular for loop.

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