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Linear Algebra Chapter 3

The document discusses eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices including their geometric and algebraic definitions. It provides examples of finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices and examines the characteristic polynomial. It also covers quadratic forms and their signs as well as techniques for determining if a matrix is positive, negative, or indefinite.

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rimhizem86
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47 views27 pages

Linear Algebra Chapter 3

The document discusses eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices including their geometric and algebraic definitions. It provides examples of finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices and examines the characteristic polynomial. It also covers quadratic forms and their signs as well as techniques for determining if a matrix is positive, negative, or indefinite.

Uploaded by

rimhizem86
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter IV

Eigenvalue
problems and
quadratic
forms

1-1
Outcomes

- Describe eigenvalues geometrically and algebraically.

It -isFind eigenvalues importance


of fundamental and eigenvectors
in manyforareas
a square
and matrix.
is the subject of our study for

this chapter.

Definition of Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues

To illustrate the idea behind what will be discussed, consider the following

example.

1-2
Example

and

1-3
X=

1-4
Notice that for each, AX=kX where k is some scalar. When this equation holds for some X and k, we call the

scalar k an eigenvalue of A. We often use the special symbol λ instead of k when referring to

eigenvalues
When AX=λX for some X≠0, we call such an X an eigenvector of the matrix A. The eigenvectors of A are associated to an

eigenvalue. Hence, if λ1 is an eigenvalue of A and AX= λ1X, we can label this eigenvector as X1 . Note again that in order to be an

eigenvector, X must be nonzero.

There is also a geometric significance to eigenvectors. When you have a nonzero vector which, when multiplied by a matrix

results in another vector which is parallel to the first or equal to 0, this vector is called an eigenvector of the matrix.

1-5
SECTION 1: EIGENVALUES AND
EIGENVECTORS

1-6
The eigenvectors of a matrix A are those vectors X for which multiplication by A results in a

vector in the same direction or opposite direction to X. Since the zero vector 0 has no direction

this would make no sense for the zero vector. As noted above, 0 is never allowed to be an

eigenvector.

1-7
The expression det (A-λI) is a polynomial ( in variable x)called the characteristic

polynomial of A, and det (A-λI)=0 is called the characteristic equation.For this reason we

may refer to the eigenvalues af A as characteristic values.

1-8
Sufficient condition for the existence
of eigenvalues

1-9
Definition Multiplicity of an eigenvalue

1-10
1-11
1-12
Example 1

1-13
Follows example 1

1-14
Example 3

1-15
Follows Example 3

1-16
Follows example 3

Then for we obtain this system of linear equations

1-17
SECTION 2 : QUADRATIC FORMS
AND THEIR SIGN

1-18
A useful relationship

1-19
The sign of a quadratic form

1-20
Example

1-21
Positive or negative (semi-)definite
matrix

1-22
Example

1-23
Leading principal minors

1-24
Example

1-25
Example

1-26
Follows example

1-27

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