Chapter 1
Chapter 1
EE-130
Yumna Bilal
Department of Electrical
Engineering University of
Gujrat
[email protected]
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Course Material
• Lecture notes
• Textbook:
Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 11th
edition by J. David Irwin and R. Mark Nelms.
John Wiley & Sons.
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Motivation
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A Simple Circuit
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A Radio Receiver
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System of Units
SI Base Units
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SI Prefixes
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What is a Circuit?
• According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
“The complete path of an electric current including usually the source of
electric energy.”
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Charge
• Note that in 1C of charge there are:
1/ 1.602 10 -19 = 6.24 10 18 electrons
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dq
i
dt
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Electric Current
• Originally scientists (in particular Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
an American scientist and inventor) thought that current is only
due to the movement of positive charges.
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Electric Current
• In reality in metallic conductors current is due to the movement
of electrons, however, we follow the universally accepted
convention that current is in the direction of positive charge
movement.
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dW
v
dq
• Similar to electric current, there are two important types
of voltage: DC and AC
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Voltage
• “Voltage between two points in a circuit is the
difference in energy level of a unit charge located at each of
the two points.
• Some examples:
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Voltage Polarity
• The plus (+) and minus (-) sign are used to define voltage
polarity.
• The assumption is that the potential of the terminal with (+)
polarity is higher than the potential of the terminal with (-)
polarity by the amount of voltage drop.
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Voltage Polarity
• Figures (a) and (b) are two equivalent representation of
the same voltage:
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Power
• The rate of change of (expending or absorbing) energy per unit
time, measured in Watts (James Watt (1736-1819) a Scottish
inventor and mechanical engineer)
dW dW dq
p
vi dt dq
dt
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Tellegan’s Theorem
• Principle of Conservation of the Power: The algebraic sum of
the powers absorbed by all elements in a circuit is zero at any
instance of time (ΣP=0). That is, the sum of absorbed powers is
equal to the sum of generated powers at each instance of time.
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Example
• Given the two diagrams shown below, determine whether the
element is absorbing or supplying power and how much.
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Example
• Determine the unknown voltage or current in the
following figures:
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Example
• Suppose that your car is not starting. To determine whether the
battery is faulty, you turn on the light switch and find that the
lights are very dim, indicating a weak battery. You borrow a
friend's car and a set of jumper cables. However, how do you
connect his car's battery to yours? What do you want his battery
to do?
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Energy Calculation
• Instantaneous power: p(t) v(t)i(t)
i(t)
+
Circuit element
Remainder
v(t) consuming/generating
of Circuit
power p(t)
-
t
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Circuit Elements
• Circuit components can be broadly classified as being
either
active or passive.
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Example
• Determine the power absorbed or supplied by the elements of
the following network:
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Ideal Dependent (Controlled) Source
• An ideal dependent (controlled) source is an active element
whose quantity is controlled by a voltage or current of another
circuit element.
+
V(t) +
Vs(t)= I(t)
-
-
Dependent (Controlled) Source
• Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
I(t)
+
V(t) Is(t)= V(t)
-