Yangon Technological University

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Workshop Technology II
WS-22012

Daw Ei Ei Soe
Lecturer
09757866071
[email protected]
 Chapter (8)
Engine Lathe Processes
1. What is an engine lathe?
 A power-driven, general-purpose machine
tool used for producing cylindrical
workpieces.
 As the piece of metal is rotated in the lathe, a
single-point cutting tool is advanced radially
into the workpiece a specified depth and
moved longitudinally along the axis of the
workpiece, removing metal in the form of
chips.
 Both inside and outside surfaces can be
machined on a lathe.
 By using attachments and accessories, other
operation such as drilling, reaming, boring,
taper and angle turning, screw-thread
chasing, form turning, knurling, milling,
grinding, and polishing may be performed.
1. Describe the various types of engine lathes?

 Manufactured in a variety of types and sizes, from very small

bench lathes to gigantic lathes.

The different types of engine lathes are

A. Bench lathes: small engine lathes,

which can be mounted on a bench or A. Bench Lathe
metal cabinet.
B. Standard engine lathes: larger,
heavier, and more powerful than the
bench lathe; may have bed lengths
from 5 to 20 or more feet.

B. Standard Engine Lathe3

C. Tool room lathes: precision
engine lathes equipped with
additional attachments needed
for tool-and die-making
operations.

D. Manufacturing Lathes: engine C. Tool Room Lathe

lathes of various sizes equipped
with special-purpose attachments
for turning workpieces in large
quantities, which is often called
production work.

D. Manufacturing Lathe

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E. Special-purpose lathes: gap lathes, which have a special sliding
bed, making it possible to increase the swing to accommodate
large-diameter work; wheel lathes, crankshaft lathes, gun barrel
lathes, and tracer lathes all are adaptations of the engine lathe.

E. Special Purpose Lathe

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2. Explain the purpose of a drive plate?

A drive plate is used to drive a lathe which, in turn, is

securely clamped to the work-piece. It is a round, slotted plate
attached to the spindle.
The bent tail of the dog fits into one of the in the face of the
plate. A drive is often called a dog plate.

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3. What is a faceplate?
A faceplate is similar to a drive plate but larger in
diameter. It contains more open slots or T slots so that bolts
or T bolts may be used to clamp the work-piece to the face
of the plate.
Many type of work that cannot be held in chucks may be
machined conveniently when mounted on a faceplate.

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4. Why are counterweights necessary on a faceplate?

• Counterweights are used to balance the faceplate when

workpieces are mounted off-center.
• They aid in distributing the weight evenly so that the face-
plate will turn smoothly while, machining takes place.

Faceplate

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5. Name the chucks commonly used for holding workpieces.
• The commonly used chucks are –
•three-jaw universal chuck, Three-jaw
•four-jaw independent chuck
•magnetic chuck.

Magnetic
Four-jaw 9
6. What is a three-jaw
universal chuck?

• holds cylindrical or
hexagonal work.
• All three jaws move
together to bring the
work on center.
• Two sets of jaws :are
inside chucking and
outside chucking.
• One set is used to grip
the work inside while
the other is used to
grip the work on the
outside.

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7. What is a four-jaw independent chuck?
• The four-jaw independent chuck is used to hold most of
the work for which a chuck is required.
• The hardened steel jaws are reversible and will hold work
of different sizes and shapes.
• Each jaw may be moved independently of the others so
that workpieces may be trued to run accurately.

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8. What is a magnetic chuck?
• Holds steel workpieces by means of permanent magnets
contained within the chuck.
• The face of the chuck is magnetized by inserting a key in the
chuck and turning it 180º .
• The amount of magnetism may be controlled by turning the
key only part of the required distance.
• A work-piece may be held lightly on the face of the chuck
while it is being adjusted or trued to the required position.
• The full power of the magnetic may be turned on.
• Suitable for work that requires only light cuts.
• Especially good for holding parts that are too thin to be held
in an ordinary chuck.

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9. What is a tool post?

• Used to clamp and hold various types of cutting-tool

holders or lathe attachments.
• The holders rest on a wedge, which is shaped on the
bottom to fit into a concave-shaped ring, providing a
means of adjusting the tool-holder to a required position
in relation to the work being turned.
• This type of turret tool block makes it possible to mount
four different cutting tools instead of one, thus reducing
time and labor costs.
• It can be indexed or swiveled to as many as 12 different
positions.

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Standard Tool Post
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16
10. What is a grinding attachment?
• A tool-post grinder, is a motor-driven, self-contained unit
that is held in the tool post.
• Used for outside and inside grinding.
• Some grinders are especially designed for grinding screw
threads.

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11. What is a milling
attachment?
• It consists of a side and a
swivel vise mounted on the
compound rest in place of the
tool post.
• The base of the swivel vise has
degree graduations and so can
be set any desired angle.
• The vertical hand feed screw
dial is graduate for
thousandths of an inch.
• It can be used for face milling,
squaring work, and cutting
slots and keyways.

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12. What are lathe centers?

• Hardened steel devices with

a taper shank on one end and
a 60º point at the other end.
• The taper shank fit the taper
spindle holes in the
headstock and tailstock.
• The 60º point fits into the 60º
center holes drilled into the
workpiece to provide bearing
surfaces, which support the
revolving workpiece.

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13. What is the difference between a dead center and a
live center?
• The dead center is used in the tailstock spindle and does
not revolve.
• The live center fits into the headstock spindle and
revolves with the work.
• The dead center should always be a hardened center. The
points are often made from high-speed steel or tungsten
carbide to withstand wear and provide strength.
• Live headstock centers may be made from soft steel alloy.
This permits truing the center point by taking a cut with
the lathe tool bit, using the compound side set at 30º.
Hardened centers must be ground.

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14. What is meant by alignment of centers?
• Both the dead (tailstock) center and the live (headstock) center
have one common center line.
• When centers are in exact alignment, the workpiece being
turned will have the same diameter throughout its entire
length. This is called straight turning.

Fig. Straight turning produces a workpiece

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15. How may centers be placed in approximately correct
alignment?
(a) moving the dead center close to the live center to see if the
center point meet.
(b) looking at the graduated lines on the bottom and top of the
tailstock casting to see if the zero points align. For accurate
work, these methods should not be depended upon.

Fig. Correct setup for facing and turning between centers 22

16. What are lathe dogs?
• Lathe dogs are devices attached to the workpiece to be
turned between centers.
• A set screw, or two clamping screws, holds the dog
securely to the workpiece.
• The bent tail fits loosely into one of the drive-plate slots
to drive the workpiece.

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17. What is a lathe mandrel?
• A hardened and tempered steel work-holding device.
• It is used for the further machining of a workpiece
between centers after it has been bored or reamed while
held in a chuck.
• The mandrel is ground to a taper of 0.006 inch per foot.
• It is pressed or driven into a finished hole tight enough
so the work will not slip while it being machined.
• The mandrel size is stamped on the large end.

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18. What is a nut mandrel?
• A straight mandrel threaded at once end so that a
number of workpieces may be mounted and securely
held for turning between centers.

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19. What is the operation of facing?
• Facing is the operation of machining the end
of a workpiece to make the end square with
the axis, or center line.
• Work may be faced while being held between
centers in a chuck, on a face plate, in a collet,
or while being supported by steady rest.

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20. What is a good procedure for facing?

A. Measure the length to determine how much stock is

to be removed.
B. Machine off just enough stock from the first end to
clean up that end.
C. Feed the facing tool from the center out, rather than
from the outside toward the center.
D. Machine the remaining stock from the opposite end
to face it to the length require.

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THANK YOU

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Center Drills
• Center drills consist of a pilot drill and a countersink.
• They are used to create holes at the center of a piece of stock so
it can be turned between centers on a lathe in metalworking
applications.
• The pilot drill creates a small hole in the stock and the
countersink expands the hole, leaving a small gap at the bottom
of the hole that helps protect the lathe's centers from damage
when the stock is turned on it.

Countersinks 29
21. What is center drilling?
• Center drilling is the operation of drilling and
countersinking each end of the stock to be turned
between centers.
• Center drilling provides bearing surfaces for the lathe
centers.

22. What is combined drill and countersink?

• Generally used to drill center holes.
• The included angle of this drill is 60. This angle is the
same as that of the dead and live centers.
• The drill part of this tool provides clearance for the
center point and also acts as a small oil well for the
lubricant. 30
23. What is meant by rough turning?
• The operation of removing excess stock rapidly and
efficiently, leaving enough stock for finishing to the
specified size.

24. What is meant by finish turning?

• The operation of machining a workpiece to the required
dimensions within the tolerance specified.
• The surface finish may be specified or may result from the
machinist’s judgment.

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25. What is meant by shoulder turning?
• Shoulders are turned when two or more diameters are
cut on a workpiece.
• The shoulder is formed at the point where the size
changes from one diameter to another.

26. What are the different kinds of shoulders?

• Shoulders produced on turned work may be square,
filleted, or undercut.
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27. What is knurling?
• Knurling is a process of rolling
depressions or indentations of
various shapes into metal by the
use of revolving hardened-steel
wheels pressed against the
work.
• The design on the knurl will be
reproduced on the work.
• A knurling tool held in the tool
post is used for this operation.
• Knurling is done to provide a
grip on handles, screw heads,
and other cylindrical parts to be
gripped by hand.
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28. How are knurls classified?
• Knurls are classified according to pattern and according
to pitch - diamond pattern or straight pattern
• Commonly used knurls are generally classed as coarse,
medium, or fine.

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29. What is the operation of boring?
• Boring is the operation of enlarging a hole previously
made by drilling , casting, or some other means.
• Usually a single-point tool is used to remove the stock
as it is fed against the revolving work.
• Holes are bored to make them accurate in size and
concentric with the outside surface.
• Tapered holes may be bored by adjusting the
compound slide or the taper attachment in the same
manner as for taper turning.

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30. What is the operation of threading?
• External threading is the cutting of threads on the outside of a bar
of material.
• Internal threading is the cutting of threads on the inside of a hole.
• Special devices such as the quick-change gear mechanism, the
lead screw, and thread dial are built into lathes designed to do this
type of work.

Fig. Cutting a screw thread on the lathe 36

31. What is a center gage, and for what purpose is it used?
• A center gage is a small, flat, steel tool, which usually has three
different-sized 60 included angles cut in it.
• It is used as a tool-grinding gage and a tool-setting gage when
cutting American National and Sharp-V thread forms.
• It contains graduations for finding or checking the number of
threads per inch and a table of double depths of threads.
• It is also used to check the 60 included angle when regrinding
lathe center points.

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32. What is a single-point cutting tool?
• A tool with one face and one continuous cutting edge
that removes metal from a workpiece being machined in
a lathe, planer, shaper, or other machine tool.

Fig. Single Point Cutting Tools 38

33. Describe several types of single-point cutting tools.

• There are solid-type and tipped single-point cutting tools.

• The solid type is made entirely of the cutting material; the
tipped type consist of a small tip of cutting tool material
attached to a steel shank by brazing, welding, or clamping.
• A tool bit is a piece of cutting tool material, which can
easily by clamped in a tool holder.
• Tool bit can be made entirely of a cutting tool material, or
they can have tips only, made of cutting tool material
brazed to a shank.
• A tool-bit blank in the material from which a tool bit is
made by grinding to shape and size.

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34. What is the back rake angle?
The back rake angle is the angle formed by the top surface
of the tool bit and the ground top face of the tool.

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35. What is the side rake angle?
The side rake is the angle formed by grinding the top surface
of the tool so that it slopes away from the side cutting edge.

36. What is the side relief angle?

The side relief angle is that surface of the cutting tool found
below the cutting edge.

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37. Define cutting speed?

• Cutting speed is the rate at which a point on the

circumference of the work passes the tool bit it is
measured in surface feet per minute.

• If the length of the chip removed in one minute could be

measured, this number of feet would be the cutting speed.

• The relationship between diameter, revolutions per

minute, and cutting speed.

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43
38. How often should a lathe be oiled?
• The answer will depend upon the length is used.
• When in use, the headstock bearings must be oiled every day.
• The following lathe parts should also be oiled every day: the
bearings and gears, from the spindle to the lead screw; the motor
bearings the tailstock spindle, lead screw, and feed rod bearings;
and the apron and saddle, with cross feed and compound slides.
• Many of the parts have oil fitting with spring caps.

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39. What is the correct procedure in oiling a lathe?

• STOP THE LATHE.

• Beginning at the headstock end, oil the gear train and

bearings from spindle to feed gear box.

• Proceed systematically along the length of the lathe to

the tailstock handwheel.

• Wipe off all oil drippings.

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THANK YOU

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