Demand Forecasting Lecture
Demand Forecasting Lecture
Demand Forecasting Lecture
Supply Chain
Presented by
Prof. M. K. Tiwari
At the end of session you will…
• Understand the role of forecasting
for both an enterprise and a Supply
Chain (SC)
• Identify the components of a
demand forecasts.
• Forecast demand in a SC given
historical demand data using time
series methodologies.
• Analyze demand forecasts to
estimate forecast error.
Forecasting!......why?
• Push system requires planning about:
– Level of production
• Pull system requires planning about:
– Level of available capacity
– Level of inventory
• Both require future demand of customers.
• Either Pull or push, both processes are
driven by customer demand.
Example of Dell Computer:
Mastering Pull and Push
• Dell orders components anticipating
customers order (Push)
• It determines capacity of assembly
plants on customer demand basis.
(Pull)
• For both purposes it requires demand
forecasting.
Forecasting: Definition
and its role
Definition: In its simplest form “It is
estimation of expected demand over a
specified future period.”
– If each SC stage makes own demand
forecast variation is unavoidable.
– Collaborative forecasts tend to be more
accurate.
• Role:
– This accuracy enables SC to be more
responsible and efficient in serving their
customers.
Forecasting makes decisions
about:
1. Production: scheduling, inventory control,
aggregate planning, purchasing.
• Additive:
systematic component=level + trend +
seasonal factor
• Mixed:
systematic component=(level + trend)*
seasonal factor
Static methods
i t p / 2
Di / p, for p odd
Contd...
For example, in the case of Tahoe salt
where p=4, for t=3 the decentralized
demand is given by
4
D3 D1 D5 2Di / 8
i2
Deseasolized demand for Tahoe
Demand
Period Demand Dt Deseasonalized
demand
1 8,000
2 13,000
3 23,000 19,750
4 34,000 20,625
5 10,000 21,250
6 18,000 21,750
7 23,000 22,500
8 38,000 22,125
9 12,000 22,625
10 13,000 24,125
11 32,000
12 41,000
• Once the demand is deseasonalized it is
either growing or declining at a steady
rate. It can be expressed as follows:
D t L Tt
Where,
L= level or deseasonalized demand at period t.
T=rate of growth of deseasonalized demand or trend
L and T estimation
• For previous formula, need to estimate the
values of L and T.
St D t / D t
Ft l ( Lt lTt ) St l
where
– Lt=estimate of level at the end of period t
– Tt=estimate of trend at the end of period t
– St=estimate of seasonal factor at the end of period t
– Dt= Actual demand observed at the end of period t
– Ft=forecast for demand at the end of period t
– Et=forecast for demand at the end of period t
Steps in adaptive
forecasting framework
1. Initialize:
– Compute initial estimates of level (L0),
trend (T0), seasonal factor (S1,…, SP)
from given data.
3. Forecast:
1. Given the estimates in period t,
forecast demand for t+1.
2. First forecast if for period 1 and is
made with the estimates of level,
trend, and seasonal factor at period 0.
Steps…
1. Estimate error
• Higher value of
corresponds to a forecast that
is more responsive to recent observation and vice-
versa.
Trend corrected exponential
smoothing (Holt’s method)
• Appropriate when demand is assumed to have a
level and a trend in systematic component but
no seasonality.
i.e. Systematic component of demand=level + trend
– Initial estimation of level and trend by
running a linear regression between demand
Dt and time period t
Dt=at+b
where ‘b’ mesures the estimate of the
demand at period t=0 and is our estimate of
initial level L0and
slope ‘a’ measure the rate of change in
demand per period and is our intial estimate
of trend T0.
Holt’s model
• Running a linear regression
between demand and time periods
is appropriate since demand has a
trend but no seasonality.
Lt+1=αDt+1+(1-α)(Lt +Tt)
Tt+1=β(Lt+1-Lt)+(1- β)Tt
Et 1 Ft 1 Dt 1
Mean Squared Error
(MSE)
1 n 2
MSE n E t
n i 1
Absolute deviation
• Absolute deviation is the absolute value of
error in period t A E
t t
Company Profile
• Manufacturer of disposable containers
• Major customers are from the food
industry
• Main raw material is Polystyrene resin
• Manages inventory through a make-to-
stock policy
Specialty Packaging Corporation: A Case Study
Manufacturing Process
• Polystyrene is stored in the form of
resin pallets
• Extruder generates rolled sheets, which
may be stored or further processed
• Thermo-setting press trims the rolls into
containers
Thermo-
Resin Extruder Roll Setting
Storage Storage Press
Market Scenario
• Steady growth in demand, which will
stabilize after 2005
• Unable to meet the peak demand,
extrusion becomes a bottleneck
• Lost sales occur frequently
Plastic
Peak demand in summer
Peak demand in fall
Clear Black
Grocery Grocery
Bakery Restaurants Catering
Store Store
Goal
Synergizing marketing and customer
feedbacks to improve supply chain
performance by adequate demand matching
Objective
Forecasting quarterly demand during 2003-
2005 for both types of containers
Results
• Method of forecasting
• Likely forecast errors