Operating System -

basics

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 AGENDA

1. History of Operating Systems за 100 лет

2. What is Operating System о

3. OS Kernel and User Space

4. Logs
5. Booting Process
6. Registry

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Chapter 1: History of Operating
System
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 Chapter 1: Histiry of OS

The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s)

When the first electronic computer was developed in 1940, it was created
without any operating system. In early times, users have full access to the
computer machine and write a program for each task in absolute machine
language. The programmer can perform and solve only simple mathematical
calculations during the computer generation, and this calculation does not
require an operating system.

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 Chapter 1: Histiry of OS

The Second Generation (1955 - 1965)

The first operating system (OS) was created in the early 1950s and was
known as GMOS. General Motors has developed OS for the IBM
computer. The second-generation operating system was based on a
single stream batch processing system because it collects all similar jobs
in groups or batches and then submits the jobs to the operating system
using a punch card to complete all jobs in a machine. At each completion
of jobs (either normally or abnormally), control transfer to the operating
system that is cleaned after completing one job and then continues to
read and initiates the next job in a punch card. After that, new machines
were called mainframes, which were very big and used by professional
operators.

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 Chapter 1: Histiry of OS

The Third Generation (1965 - 1980)

During the late 1960s, operating system designers were very capable of
developing a new operating system that could simultaneously perform multiple
tasks in a single computer program called multiprogramming. The introduction
of multiprogramming plays a very important role in developing operating
systems that allow a CPU to be busy every time by performing different tasks
on a computer at the same time. During the third generation, there was a new
development of minicomputer's phenomenal growth starting in 1961 with the
DEC PDP-1. These PDP's leads to the creation of personal computers in the
fourth generation.

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 Chapter 1: Histiry of OS

The Fourth Generation (1980 - Present Day)

The fourth generation of operating systems is related to the development of the personal computer.
However, the personal computer is very similar to the minicomputers that were developed in the third
generation. The cost of a personal computer was very high at that time; there were small fractions of
minicomputers costs. A major factor related to creating personal computers was the birth of Microsoft and
the Windows operating system. Microsoft created the first window operating system in 1975. After
introducing the Microsoft Windows OS, Bill Gates and Paul Allen had the vision to take personal computers to
the next level. Therefore, they introduced the MS-DOS in 1981; however, it was very difficult for the person to
understand its cryptic commands. Today, Windows has become the most popular and most commonly used
operating system technology. And then, Windows released various operating systems such as Windows 95,
Windows 98, Windows XP and the latest operating system, Windows 7. Currently, most Windows users use
the Windows 10 operating system. Besides the Windows operating system, Apple is another popular
operating system built in the 1980s, and this operating system was developed by Steve Jobs, a co-founder of
Apple. They named the operating system Macintosh OS or Mac OS.

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Chapter 2: What is Operating
System
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 Chapter 2: What is OS

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It

manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software
and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the computer without
knowing how to speak the computer's language. Without an operating system, a
computer is useless

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 Chapter 2: What is OS

The operating system's job

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 Chapter 2: What is OS

The three most common operating systems

• Microsoft Windows
• macOS
• Linux.

Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced

gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, and menus, and
everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and
text.

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 Chapter 2: What is OS

Microsoft Windows
• manufactured by Microsoft.
• available in 32 and 64-bit versions
• offers a graphical user interface (GUI), multitasking functionalities, virtual
memory management capabilities, and support for several peripheral devices

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 Chapter 2: What is OS

macOS
a line of operating systems created by Apple.

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 Chapter 2: What is OS

Linux
a family of open-source operating systems, which means they can be modified and
distributed by anyone around the world.

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 Chapter 2: What is OS

Operating systems for mobile devices

Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS and Google Android. In the
screenshot below, you can see iOS running on an iPad.

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Chapter 3: OS Kernel and
User Space
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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

A Kernel
• the core of an Operating System.
• has control over everything in the system
• is responsible for low-level tasks such as disk management, memory management,
task management, etc.
• provides an interface between the user and the hardware components of the system.
When a process makes a request to the Kernel - System Call.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

File manager
The Kernel handles file storage and file systems.
The file data - improves faster handling of data.
Metadata - contains the information about file: File owner, Permissions, File
Size, Data Modified, Date Created, File Type.
File system - NTFS which includes features like encryption faster access speeds
and so on.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

Process Management
To achieve process execution computer resources like RAM or CPU have to be
dedicated.
A Kernel
• manages our resources efficiently
• schedules time for the CPU to execute the instructions in the process.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

The Windows Task Manager

a powerful tool packed with useful information, from your system’s overall
resource usage to detailed statistics about each process.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

The Windows Task Manager

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

The Windows Task Manager

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

Memory Management
Process takes up space in memory which comes to CPU in smaller quantities.
Executing the process the data of the program is taken in small pieces which
called pages. To read this pages they have to be sent to RAM.
This virtual memory is stored on hard drive on the allocated space which called
swap space. So Kernel is dealing with this it swaps data pages between RAM
and virtual memory.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

I/O Management
• A device communicates with the operating system of a computer by transferring
signals over cable or even through the air.
• The peripheral devices communicate with the machine through a connection point
also called ports— (one example is a serial port).
• When devices use a set of wires or cables, that connecting cables are called a "bus."
A bus is a collection of wires and a firmly defined protocol which specifies a set of
messages that can be sent on the wires.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

User space
• system memory allocated to running applications. When you open an
application (or "excecutable file"), the OS loads the program and required
resources into the user space.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

Control Panel
The Control Panel in Windows OS is the place to go when you need to make
changes to various settings of your computer system. You can control most
Windows commands and features using the various options and sliders in the
Control Panel.

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

Control Panel
The following table gives you a description of all the Control Panel categories,
including the various programs you can find by clicking each category’s hyperlink.
Click This Category Link . . . . . . To Display These Groups of Links

System and Security Action Center, Windows Firewall, System, Windows Update, Power
Options, Backup and Restore, BitLocker Drive Encryption, and
Administrative Tools

User Accounts User Accounts, Windows Cardspace, Credential Manager, and Mail
(32-bit)

Network and Internet Network and Sharing Center, Homegroup, and Internet
Options
Appearance and Personalization Personalization, Display, Desktop Gadgets, Taskbar and Start
Menu, Ease of Access Center, Folder Options, and Fonts

Hardware and Sound Devices and Printers, AutoPlay, Sound, Power Options, Display,
and Windows Mobility Center
Clock, Language, and Region Date and Time, and Region and Language

Programs Programs and Features, Default Programs, and Desktop

Gadgets
Ease of Access Ease of Access Center and Speech Recognition

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 Chapter 3: OS Kernel and User Space

The system calls

Processes running in user space don't have access to the whole part of memory
and to the kernel space. User space processes can only access a small part of the
kernel via an interface exposed by the kernel - the system calls.

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Chapter 4: Logs
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 Chapter 4: Logs

A log of events
helps in monitoring, administering and troubleshooting the system in addition to
helping users get information about important processes.
To access the Event Viewer in Windows 8.1, Windows 10, and Server 2012 R2:
Right click on the Start button and select Control Panel > System & Security and
double-click Administrative tools
Event Viewer
Select the type of logs that you wish to review (ex: Application, System)
NOTE: To access the Application Logs once in Event Viewer, go to Windows Logs >
Application, for shutdown errors refer to Application and System logs.
OR
Just search Event viewer

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 Chapter 4: Logs

Logs
• contains information about the software, hardware, system processes and
system components.
• indicates whether the processes loaded successfully or not.

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 Chapter 4: Logs

Components
Types of entries: error, information, warning, success audit and failure audit.
Entries contains a header information and a description of the events.
The latter includes the date and time the events occurred, the username logged on and the computer
name at the time of the event. It also contains the event ID number that is used to identify the event and
the source of the event such as the name of the system component.

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 Chapter 4: Logs

Event Viewer
is used to manage the file size,
save or archive the log file, clear
old events and set overwrite
options. Other options include
finding or filtering events and
restoring the log to default
settings.
It helps system administrators
keep tabs on their computers
and troubleshoot problems.

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Chapter 5: Booting
Process
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 Chapter 5: Booting Process

In the Booting process, System will check all the hardware's and Software's those
are installed or attached with the system and all the Files those are required for
running a system, also loads into memory.

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 Chapter 5: Booting Process

Categories of Booting process,

1) Hard (Cold) Booting - the computer starts from a completely dead state.
In "soft" or "warm" booting, the power is not cut. In some systems, a soft boot
may optionally clear RAM to zero.

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 Chapter 5: Booting Process

POST (Power On Self Test)

a diagnostic testing sequence for all the hardware devices. It checks hardware device
availability.
If there is any error then a beep like sound generates or some error messages
displays on the monitor. These beeps are referred to as POST beep codes.

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 Chapter 5: Booting Process

Master Boot Record

The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the information which is in the first sector of
any hard disk that indicates how and where an operating system is located so
that it can be boot (loaded) into the computer's main memory or random access
memory.

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 Chapter 5: Booting Process

Failure during boot

Error indicates that the computer is not passing POST or a device in the computer,
such as the hard drive or memory, has failed.

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 Chapter 6: Installing
Software on Windows
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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Installing
Windows 10 provides various methods through which users can add or remove
programs to or from their computer system. Below are the ways through which
you can install or uninstall programs in Windows 10.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Tips for installation:

• Research first before installing.
• Never disregard the minimum requirements.
• Make sure the software is legitimate and does not infringe any copyright.
• Pay attention to the information that pops up when installing the software.
• Always uninstall a program you installed if you do not intend to use it. Most common issues we get when
doing support is slow computers that are loaded with tons of programs that the user never really uses. This is
the most common cause of slow performance. Lack of housekeeping is sure to cause performance issues on
computers.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Installing software from the Web

Google Installation example:
1. Locate and download an .exe file.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Installing software from the Web

Google Installation example:
2. Locate and double-click the .exe file. (It will usually be in
your Downloads folder.)

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Installing software from the Web

Google Installation example:
A dialog box will appear. Follow the instructions to install the software. The
software will be installed.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

To install a program you need to have the installation file in a disk, flash drive or
downloaded and saved in your computer hard disk.
For instance, to install Microsoft Office, access the executable file and double-
click on the file to start the installation.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

If asked whether to allow the program to make changes to the computer, click
“Yes” to continue.
Allow Windows to extract the installation files and launch the installation wizard.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Read the “License Terms” and tick the “I accept the terms of this agreement” box,
then click “Continue”.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Click on “Install Now” button to start the installation process.

Wait for the program to install. You can see the installation progress displayed
with a bar that loads as the program installs.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

You will get a notification when the program has been successfully installed.
Click “Finish” to complete the installation.

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Uninstall Programs in Windows 10

Method 1: Uninstall Programs from Windows Settings

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Uninstall Programs in Windows 10

Method 1: Uninstall Programs from Windows Settings

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 Chapter 6: Installing Software on Windows

Method 2: Uninstall Programs from the Control Panel

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Chapter 7: Regisrty
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 Chapter 7: Registry

The registry or Windows registry is a database of information, settings, options, and

other values for software and hardware installed on all versions of Microsoft Windows
operating systems. When a program is installed, a new subkey is created in the registry.
This subkey contains settings specific to that program, such as its location, version, and
primary executable. In Microsoft Windows, the registry contains important operating
system and application configuration.

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 Chapter 7: Registry

Information about the Registry Editor

The Registry Editor allows you to view all keys and values that are in the registry,
and change Windows, program, or driver values you feel are necessary.

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 Chapter 7: Registry

Registry root keys (hive name)

When first opening the Windows Registry Editor, it displays root keys that contain all
registry values. Below is a brief description about each of the most common root keys and
the values contained in each of them.
• HKCR (HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT)
• HKCU (HKEY_CURRENT_USER)
• HKLM (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE)
• HKU (HKEY_USERS)
• HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC)
• HKDD (HKEY_DYN_DATA)

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 Chapter 7: Registry

Windows registry values

Icon Type Name

Closed key

Open key

REG_SZ String value

REG_MULTI_SZ String array value

REG_EXPAND_SZ Expanded string value

REG_BINARY Binary value

REG_DWORD DWORD value

REG_QWORD QWORD value

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 Chapter 7: Registry

How to open and edit the Windows registry?

Windows 10
Type regedit in the Windows search box on the taskbar and press ENTER
If prompted by User Account Control, click Yes to open the Registry Editor.
The Windows Registry Editor window should open and look similar to the example shown below.

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 Chapter 7: Registry

How to browse the Windows registry

When most users need to edit their registry, they're given the location or path of
where the registry value is located and what to change. Below is an example
path for a commonly accessed registry subkey. To browse to this location, you
first start by opening the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE key (folder). In this key, you see
the SOFTWARE folder, then Microsoft, Windows, CurrentVersion, and finally
the Run folder.
Example
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run

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 Chapter 7: Registry

After navigating to the registry path above, you'll see a window similar to the
example below. In this example, you can see four different string value keys,
which are pointing to the programs that run each time the computer is turned on
or restarted.

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 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION
After reading the above contents, do you
have a brief understanding of Operating
system now? If not, or if you have some
questions, please feel free to write them
down and ask your mentor. Hope you
have learned today something new. Good
bye
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