CYB204: COMPUTER COMMUNICATION

NETWORKS
Department of Cyber Security
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology
Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria.
WEEK 2
2023/2024 Session
COURSE LECTURER: DR.(MRS) O.E. OJO
 Network Topology
Computer network topology is the way various
components of a network (like nodes, links,
peripherals, etc) are arranged. Network
topologies define the layout, virtual shape or
structure of network, not only physically but also
logically. The way in which different systems and
nodes are connected and communicate with each
other is determined by topology of the network.
Topology can be physical or logical
• Physical Topology is the physical layout of
nodes, workstations and cables in the
network.
• Logical topology is the way information flows
between different components.
 Types of Physical Network Topologies
• Bus Topology
• Star Topology
• Ring Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
 Bus Topology
• In the bus topology, the computers are
connected through a common communication
media. A special type of central wire is used as
communication media. This central wire is
called Bus. The computer are attached
through the bus the ends of the bus are closed
with the terminator .The terminators are used
to absorb signals.
Bus Topology
 Advantages of Bus Topology
• Easy to install and configure
• Inexpensive
• Easily extended
 Disadvantages of Bus Topology
• Performance decreases
• Weak signals
• Difficult troubleshooting
 Star Topology
• The star topology uses a separate cable for each
work station as shown in fig.The cable connects
the work station to a central device typically a
HUB. The configuration provides a more reliable
network that is easily expended. With star there
is no central point of failure in the cable .if there
is a problem with the cable only the station
connected to that cable is a effected .to add
more work stations simply connect another HUB
Star Topology
 Advantages of Star Topology
• Easily expended and modified
• Easy to troubleshoot
• Multiple cable types supported by hub
 Disadvantages of Star Topology
• If hub fails then entire network will fail
• Require more cables
• May require a device to rebroadcast signals
across the network
 Ring Topology
• Every computer is connected to the next computer in the ring and
each transmits what it receives from the previous computer. The
messages flow around the ring in one direction.
Some ring network do ring token passing. A short message called
token (memory area)is passed around a ring until a computer
wishes to send information to other computers. That computer
modifies token, adds an electronic address and data and send it
around the ring. Each computer in sequence receives the token
and next computer until either the electronic address matches the
address of a computer
Or the token return to its origin .The receiving computer returns a
message to the sender indicating that message has been received.
Ring Topology
 Advantages
• It provides an orderly network in which every
device has access to the token and can
transmit.
• It performs well under a heavy load.
 Disadvantages
• Failure of one computer can effect the whole
network .
• Difficult to troubleshoot.
• Change mode with adding or removing a
device effect the entire network.
 Mesh Topology
• A mesh network or mesh topology uses
separate cable to connect each device to
every other device on the network, providing
a straight communication path. For sending
messages, check the cable connected into two
devices. A message is send directly from
sender to receiver because each one has
individual and separate connection.
Mesh Topology
 Advantages
• Enhance for error tolerance provided by
redundant links.
• Easy to troubleshoot.
 Disadvantages
• Difficult to install and maintain.
• Expensive.
 Tree Topology
• The type of network topology in which a central 'root' node (the top
level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that
are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level) with a
point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the
top level central 'root' node, while each of the second level nodes
that are connected to the top level central 'root' node will also have
one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy
(i.e., the third level) connected to it, also with a point-to-point link,
the top level central 'root' node being the only node that has no other
node above it in the hierarchy (The hierarchy of the tree is
symmetrical.) Each node in the network having a specific fixed
number, of nodes connected to it at the next lower level in the
hierarchy, the number, being referred to as the 'branching factor' of
the hierarchical tree.
Tree Topology
 Advantages
• It is scalable.Secondary nodes allow more
devices to be connected to a central node.
• Point to point connection of devices.
• Having different levels of the network makes it
more manageable hence easier fault
identification and isolation.
 Disadvantages
• Maintenance of the network may be an issue
when the network spans a great area.
• Since it is a variation of bus topology, if the
backbone fails, the entire network is crippled.
 Hybrid Topology
• Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or
more topologies in such a way that the resulting
network does not exhibit one of the standard
topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example,
a tree network connected to a tree network is still
a tree network topology. A hybrid topology is
always produced when two different basic network
topologies are connected. Two common examples
for Hybrid network are: star ring network and star
bus network.
Hybrid Topology