The document discusses different types of thinking including critical thinking. It defines critical thinking as clear, rational thinking to determine what to believe or do. Critical thinkers can deduce consequences and use information to solve problems. The document also discusses different thinking styles like the sponge approach and panning-for-gold approach.
The document discusses different types of thinking including critical thinking. It defines critical thinking as clear, rational thinking to determine what to believe or do. Critical thinkers can deduce consequences and use information to solve problems. The document also discusses different thinking styles like the sponge approach and panning-for-gold approach.
The document discusses different types of thinking including critical thinking. It defines critical thinking as clear, rational thinking to determine what to believe or do. Critical thinkers can deduce consequences and use information to solve problems. The document also discusses different thinking styles like the sponge approach and panning-for-gold approach.
The document discusses different types of thinking including critical thinking. It defines critical thinking as clear, rational thinking to determine what to believe or do. Critical thinkers can deduce consequences and use information to solve problems. The document also discusses different thinking styles like the sponge approach and panning-for-gold approach.
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1/ 21
PREPARED BY
NOOR SHEIKH BSPT/t-DPT/MSNPT WHAT IS THINKING It’s a purposeful, organized complex cognitive process that involves mental activities • Reasoning • Problem Solving • Decision-Making
Knowledge/ Information Integration Solution WHAT IS THINKING
The way our brain process information & make sense of
world OR our experiences
FOR EXAMPLE: Evaluating & Analyzing different
options for pt’s Health/ Injury or Risk Factors considering factors like their Medical History, Symptoms & Available Research “As soon as we start asking questions & seek answers, we are in fact thinking” TYPES OF THINKING
1. CREATIVE THINKING THINKING
2. CRITICAL THINKING 6. ABSTRACT THINKING 3. ANALYTICAL 7. CONCRETE THINKING THINKING 8. SEQUENTIAL 4. DIVERGENT THINKING THINKING 9. HOLISTIC THINKING 5. CONVERGENT TYPES OF THINKING WHAT IS CRITICAL THINKING -CRITICAL THINKING – the ability to think clearly & rationally about what to do OR what to believe -It includes the ability to engage in reflective & independent thinking by -Analyzing -Evaluating -Reasoning -CRITICAL THINKER – is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, & he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, & to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself -This man is NOT thinking critically - CRITICAL THINKING – refers to the following: Awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions Ability to ask and answer critical questions at appropriate times Desire to actively use the critical questions - It begins with desire to improve what we think - Thinking carefully is always an unfinished project - Reacting with systematic evaluation to what you hear & read – listening & reading critically - requires a set of skills and attitudes - Critical questions provide a stimulus and direction for critical thinking; they move us forward toward a continual, ongoing search for better opinions, decisions, or judgments BENEFITS: Improve our writing and speaking because they will assist us when we : 1. React critically to an essay or to evidence presented in a textbook, A periodical, OR on A web site 2. Judge the quality of a lecture or speech 3. Form an argument 4. Write an essay based on a reading assignment 5. Participate in class - Critical thinking consists of an awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions, plus the ability and willingness to ask and answer them at appropriate times ALTERNATIVE THINKING STYLES
- TWO different thinking styles
1. SPONGE APPROACH
2. PANNING – FOR – GOLD APPROACH
ALTERNATIVE THINKING STYLES -SPONGE APPROACH: Encourages “ABSORBING” as much information as you are able – more the information, the more the capability of understanding there be would be It is relatively PASSIVE & Emphasizes Knowledge Acquisition Does not require “STRENUOUS MENTAL EFFORT” Primary mental effort involves concentration and memory Provides no method for deciding which information and opinions to believe and which to reject ALTERNATIVE THINKING STYLES
PANNING-FOR-GOLD APPROACH -Choosing what to absorb and what to ignore -Requires a Question –Asking –Attitude - active participation as readers and listeners -To distinguish the gold from the gravel requires you to ask frequent questions and to reflect on the answers -To evaluate arguments, we must possess knowledge, dependable opinions - It would be relaxing if what other people were really saying were always obvious if; -All their essential thoughts were clearly labeled for us -Writer / Speaker never made an error in her reasoning -All knowledgeable people agreed about answers to important questions
-If this were the case, we could read and listen passively and let others do our thinking for us - However, the true state of affairs is quite the opposite & person's reasoning is often not obvious
- Important elements are often missing or many of the
elements that are present are unclear
- Consequently, you need critical reading and listening skills
to help you determine and distinguish what makes sense The Myth of the "Right Answer" - Scientific questions about the physical world are the most likely to have answers that reasonable people will accept, because the physical world is in certain ways more dependable or predictable than the social world Questions about human behavior are different – since human behavior are so complex that we frequently cannot do much more than form intelligent guesses So WE RELY ON PROBABILISTIC ANSWERS – e.g. Even if we were aware of every bit of evidence about the effects of exercise on our mental health, we could still not expect certainty about those effects - ALSO – we bring our BAGGAGE to how we think about issues & decisions we make – baggage refers to dreams, values, socialization experiences, gender, culture, race etc -Emotional involvement should not be the basis for accepting or rejecting any opinion or position The Efficiency of Asking the Question: "WHO CARES?" - Time is valuable. Before taking the time to critically evaluate an issue, ask the question, "Who cares?"
- Asking good questions is difficult but rewarding work. Some
controversies will be much more important to you than others
- When the consequences of a controversy for you and your community
are minimal, you will want to spend less time and energy thinking critically about it than about more important controversies e.g. it makes sense to critically evaluate arguments for and against the protection of endangered species, because different positions on this issue lead to important consequences for society ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS
Critical thinking can be used to either ;
Defend Evaluate and Revise our initial beliefs
1. WEAK-SENSE CRITICAL THINKING – use of
critical thinking to defend your current / initial beliefs ◦ If we are unconcerned with moving toward truth or virtue ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS
2. STRONG-SENSE CRITICAL THINKING – use of
the same skills (Critical Questioning) to evaluate all claims and beliefs, especially our own ◦ Doesn’t force us to give up initial beliefs ◦ Can provide basis for strengthening those beliefs (reinforce) ◦ Help protect against self-deception. It is easy to just stick with current beliefs, particularly when many people share them. But when we take this easy road, we run the strong risk of making mistakes we could otherwise avoid SUMMARY
-Ask question … Be willing -Avoid emotional reasoning
to wonder -Don’t oversimplify -Define the problem -Consider the interpretations -Examine the question -Embrace uncertainty -Analyze the assumptions & biases
