SEMINAR

GIS –GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

NAME- SHIVAM DHIMAN

ROLL NO. – 20010301049
BRANCH- CIVIL
INTRODUCTION
 GIS stands for Geographic Information System and is a system that
is being used widely throughout the world due to it’s various
applications, uses and features.

 Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based

information system that provides tools to collect ,integrate, manage,
analyze, model, and display data that is referenced to an accurate
cartographic representation of objects in space.
 GIS finds its applications due to its ability to relate the spatial data
with the databases containing attributes or other types of data.

 In this system spatial relationship between objects can be integrated

and used for analysis.
 GIS is decision support tool that is for management and other
purposes.
 It can be distinguished from other systems due to its following
characteristics:
 It supports the production of Maps
 GIS are database management tools that are used to collect and
manage spatially-defined data.
 Third capability of GIS is the
display of spatial data.
 In this data sets are represented as
unique layers thus more than one
set of data can be viewed and
displayed simultaneously.
 These layers can be laid over each
other which contain images and
shows how the data is related.
 The fourth capability of GIS is Spatial Analysis. This can be used in
various fields like environment management and remediation, problems
related to transportation, etc.
 In short, GIS is a powerful decision support tool that allow user to
manage attribute data as well as spatial data in the analysis.

Left Side - An area studied in the form of Layers

Right Side - The topography obtained by analyzing the different layers
NEED OF GIS
 GIS is becoming vital to understand and take better decisions.
 It allows user to know what is happening in a specific area and take
better decisions and actions once we recognize the happenings.
 Through GIS we can simulate real things and scenarios which relate
to the nature.
 GIS combines two types of information: Spatial Data(Spatial
coordinates) and Attribute Data(Descriptions).
FUNCTIONS OF GIS
 The Framework specifies four core GIS functions:
I. Spatial Visualization - Refers to the GIS capability to
represent data and information within spatially defined
coordinate system.
II. Database Management – Represents capability of GIS to
store, manipulate and provide access to the data.
III. Decision Modeling – Represents capability of GIS to provide
analytical tools that can be used to support decision making.
IV. Design & Planning – Represents the tools that can be used to
create, design and plan.
 In addition to the core GIS functions, some applications of GIS
are there in which these functions are applied like surveying
and mapping, transportation, decision making, etc.
 Surveying and mapping is commonly called automated mapping
(AM) and represents one of the first GIS applications.
COMPONENTS OF GIS
 Components are the
 GIS consists of many components.
Some of the major components are:
A. Hardware
B. Software
C. Data
D. Human
E. Method
 Hardware – It refers to any device(computer, smartphone, etc.)
that stores large GIS datasets, GIIS software, and applications.
 Software – It is a software that is designed to store, retrieve,
manage, display, and analyze geographic and spatial data. For
example – QGIS, ArcGIS, etc.
 Data – It may include photographic data, digital data, or data in
tables or spreadsheets.
 Human – Human(or People) use GIS to answer specific data-
related questions. People collect data, develop procedures, define
analysis to run in GIS.
 Method – GIS use methods and techniques to perform tasks like
Data acquisition, data integration, geospatial analysis, etc.
TYPES OF DATA
 Modern GIS technologies use digital information, for which various
digitized data creation methods are used.
 This digital information is stored in as two types of data – Attribute
data and Spatial data.
ATTRIBUTE DATA
 Attribute data(also called attribute information or attribute table)
refers to the non-spatial data information that is associated with the
geographic features or entities.
 Attribute data provides additional information about spatial objects.
 For example, if a dataset represents a city then the attribute table
contains columns like population, area, elevation, etc.
 It allows users to explore relationships, make informed decisions
and create thematic maps.
SPATIAL DATA
 Spatial data refers to the data that represents the spatial or geometric
characteristics of the Earth’s surface.
 Spatial data describes the location, shape, and spatial relationships
between the objects in the real world.
 It allows users to visualize, analyze, and understand geographical
phenomena.
DATA REPRESENTATION MODELS
 GIS data represents real objects (such as
roads, land use, trees, waterways, etc.)
with digital data determining the mix.
 Real objects can be divided into two
abstractions: discrete objects (e.g., a
house) and continuous fields (such as
rainfall amount, or elevations).
 Spatial data is any type of data that
directly or indirectly references a specific
geographical area or location.
 This collected data is stored in the forms
of models known as Spatial Data Models
 Main data Models – Raster Model and
Vector Model.
VECTOR MODEL
 In a GIS, geographical features
are often expressed as vectors,
by considering those features as
geometrical shapes
 This model represents spatial
features as points, lines and
polygons.
 Points represent discrete objects
like individual buildings
 Line represent linear features
like roads, rivers, streams, etc.
 Polygons represent areas like
administrative boundaries.
RASTER MODEL
 A raster data type is any type of
digital image represented by
reducible and enlargeable grids.
 This model represents spatial data in
the form grid of cells.
 Each cell represent a discrete unit of
space and these cells are called
Pixels.
 This model is used for satellite
imagery, remote sensing, etc.
 The resolution of raster model
determines the level of detail that can
be represented.
 Higher resolution means more
detailed data.
SCOPE OF GIS
 GIS in recent times has transformed into Geo-Information
Technology with the integration of Mapping Techniques, Surveying,
Remote Sensing & Satellite Imagery, Photogrammetry, Geography,
Geology, Cartography and GPS.
 GIS can be used for scientific investigations, resource management,
and development planning.
 GIS is used in Computer Science, Civil Engineering, Mathematics,
Statistics and Operations Research.
 Any organization related to geography uses GIS because of its
capability of providing quick and easy access to large amount of
data of the geographical features.
SCOPE & FIELDS OF GIS
 Resource Management
 Land Use Planning and Civil
Engineering
 Environmental Impact Analysis
 Transportation Routing
 Historical Data Management
 Economic Development
 Agriculture
 Rural Development
 Irrigation
 Industries and Minerals
 Communications
BRIAN E. MENNACKE, MARTIN D.
CROSSLAND (1996)
 In this paper it has been discussed that GIS is very important tool
that has many advantages and is essential for Information Systems
Researchers. They have said that GIS has many capabilities and on
further improvement in the systems it can be very useful tool.
 Different characteristics of GIS discussed are – Production of Maps,
Spatial Database Management Tools, Display of Spatial Data and
Spatial Analysis.
 GIS also impacts organization and a society as a whole. GIS impacts
the structure and operation of an organization.
 Due to GIS in different organizations it increases societal benefits
and also helps in taking efficient and effective decisions. But on the
other side of it, data accessibility is more so there can be chances of
data misrepresentation.
GIS has different applications in following fields :-
 Surveying and Mapping,
 Facilities Management,
 Market Analysis,
 Logistics and Transportation,
 Strategic Decision Making and
 Design and Planning.
FAHUI WANG (2020)
 In this paper it has been discussed that how a GIS can be used in
Public Health Research and Policies.
 The advancement of geographic information science (GIScience)
helps us understand the pattern, aetiology, transmission, and
treatment of diseases better.
 He has discussed that GIS helps in creating zones or areas for
measuring spatial accessibility for patients and potential crowdness
for facilities as the health facilities should be feasible and accessible
to everyone.
 They have suggested in constructing geographic areas for health
data dissemination and analysis.
 For data dissemination and
analysis geographic areas are
to be constructed such that
they are homogenous,
sufficiently large and
comparable.
 These areas are large enough
to have health data
disseminated and reliable
rates calibrated.
 In short, GIS-automated
regionalization methods
enable us to construct
geographic areas that are
spatially contiguous and
homogenous in attributes.
WEI WEI (2011)
 In this paper it has been discussed that due to social and economic
development, people’s cultural standards are increasing so does their
leisure time thus increasing tourism. This leads to problems in
Tourism Management and to counter this GIS is a method of
increasing Tourism Management efficiency. For this Travel
Geographic Information System(TGIS) is used.
 TGIS uses the theory and methods of systems of engineering and
information science to collect update, manage display, query,
analyze, cartographic travel data.
 The Roles of GIS in Tourism Management are:
1. To conduct Tourism Information Management
2. To produce a Comprehensive Thematic Map
3. To provide references for the Tourism Management
CONCLUSION
 GIS is a powerful tool that is used to make effective and better
decisions and its use in various fields like Management, Logistics,
Surveying, Transportation, etc.

 As GIS can be used in multiple fields for better decision taking,

improved communication, better record keeping and analysis so it is
very needful to have an idea of what is GIS and what are its
components and having its basic knowledge.