Open Channel Flow

Endro
Endro PP Wahono
Wahono
[email protected]
[email protected]
 Topic Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this topic, student should be able

to:
1. Design the open channel in uniform and non-
uniform flow
2. Design the most efficient section channel
3. Calculate the flow in open channel
 Introduction
 “Occur when free water surface in the channel is
at atmosphere pressure”
 Example of open channel:
 Rivers and streams
 Drainage
 Ditches
 Irrigation canal
 Application

 Interest to hydraulic engineers

 location of free surface
 velocity distribution
 discharge - stage (depth) relationships
 optimal channel design
 Types of channels

1. Man made
• Channel designed and made by human
• Examples: earth or concrete lined drainage and
irrigation
• Prismatic channel (no change in geometry with
distance)
2. Natural
• Examples: River and streams
• Changes with spatial and temporal (non prismatic
channel)
 FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL

TEMPORAL (Time)

STEADY FLOW UNSTEADY FLOW

UNIFORM FLOW NON-UNIFORM FLOW

RAPIDLY VARIED FLOW

SPATIAL (Space)

GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW

 Types of flow
 Based on temporal (Time, t) and Spatial
(Space,x)
 Time Criteria
 Steady flow (dy/dt = 0). Water depth at one point
same all the time. (Flow constant with time)
 Unsteady flow (dy/dt ≠ 0). Water depth changes all
the time. (Flow variation with time)
 Space criteria
 Uniform flow (dy/dx = 0). Water depth same along
the whole length of flow.
 Non-uniform flow (dy/dx ≠ 0). Water depth changes
either rapidly or gradually flow
Flow Rate

Steady

Unsteady

Time

Steady and Non-Steady Flow

 Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow

V1 = V2
A1 = A2

V1 V2 V1 V2
A1 A2 A1 A2

Uniform Flow Non-Uniform Flow

 States of flow

 Flow vary with following forces:

 Viscous
 Inertia
 Gravity
 Defines by Reynolds number (Re) and Froude
numbers (Fr)
 Reynolds Number

 To determine:
 Laminar flow : Re < 500 (viscous > inertia)
 Transitional flow : 500 < Re < 1300
 Turbulent flow : Re > 1300 (inertia >
viscous)
 Froude Number

 The Froude Number, Fr describes the following

states of flow:
 Fr < 1 : flow is subcritical
 Fr = 1 : flow is critical ( inertia < gravity)
 Fr > 1 : flow is supercritical ( inertia > gravity)
 Froude Number

 A flow is called critical if the flow velocity is equal

to the velocity of a gravity wave having small
amplitude.
 The flow is called subcritical flow, if the flow
velocity is less than the critical velocity
 The flow is called supercritical flow if the flow
velocity is greater than the critical velocity.
 4

Critical Flow 3

 Characteristics 2

y
 Unstable surface 1

 Series of standing waves 0

 Difficult to measure depth 0 1 2 3 4
E
 Occurrence
 Broad crested weir (and other weirs)
 Channel Controls (rapid changes in cross-section)
 Over falls
 Changes in channel slope from mild to steep
 Used for flow measurements
 Unique relationship between depth and discharge
 Parameters of Open Channels

 Wetted Perimeter (P) :The Length of contact

between Liquid and sides and base of Channel

 Hydraulic Mean Depth or Hydraulic Radius

(R): If cross sectional area is A, then R = A/P.

 Depth of flow section (d) : depth of flow

normal to the direction of flow.
 Parameters of Open Channels

 Top width (T) : the width of channel section

at the free surface.

 Hydraulic depth (D) : D = A/T

 Base slope (So) : So = tan θ

 Parameters of Open Channels

 Freeboard: Vertical distance between the highest

water level anticipated in the design and the top
of the retaining banks. It is a safety factor to
prevent the overtopping of structures.

 Side Slope (Z): The ratio of the horizontal to

vertical distance of the sides of the channel.
 Table 1: Maximum Canal Side Slopes (Z)

Sand, Soft Clay 3: 1 (Horizontal: Vertical)

Sandy Clay, Silt Loam, Sandy 2:1

Loam
Fine Clay, Clay Loam 1.5:1

Heavy Clay 1:1

Stiff Clay with Concrete Lining 0.5 to 1:1

Lined Canals 1.5:1

M.Hanif Chaudry, Open Channel Flow 2nd Edition, Springer, 2008
 Continuity Equation

31
Inflow 3 A
Change in Storage
32

Outflow
1 A 2
Section AA

Inflow – Outflow = Change in Storage

 Open Channel Flow: Energy
Relations

V12 hL = S f Dx
velocity head 1
2g energy
______
V22
2 grade line
2g
hydraulic
_______
y1 grade line
y2

S o x

x

Bottom slope (So) not necessarily equal to EGL slope (Sf)

 Energy Relationships

p1 V12 p2 V22 Pipe flow

+ z1 + a 1 = + z2 + a 2 + hL
g 2g g 2g z - measured from
horizontal datum

From diagram on previous slide...

2 2 Turbulent flow (  1)
V1 V2
y1 + S o Dx + = y2 + + S f Dx y - depth of flow
2g 2g
Energy Equation for Open Channel Flow
V12 V22
y1 + + S o Dx = y2 + + S f Dx
2g 2g
 General Flow Equation

Q = vA Equation 1

Area of the
cross-section
Avg. velocity
Flow rate of flow at a (m2)
(m3/s) cross-section
(m/s)
Uniform
Uniform flow
flow in
in Open
Open
Channel
Channel
 Uniform flow in Open Channel

Energy lines
i

Water Surface
Sw

Flow
yo

So

For uniform flow (in prismatic channel), i = S w = So

y = normal depth for uniform flow only
 Resistance Equation

1. Chezy Equation
 By Antoine Chezy (France), 1768
2. Manning Equation
 By Robert Manning (Irish), 1889
 Chezy Equation
 Introduced by the French engineer Antoine
Chezy in 1768 while designing a canal for the
water-supply system of Paris
v  C Ri
 Because i = Soo, so

v  C RS o

Q  AC RS o
 Chezy Equation

 where C = Chezy coefficient

= L1/2/T (Unit m1/2/s)

m m
60 < C < 150
s s

where 60 is for rough and 150 is for smooth

 Manning Equation

 Most popular in for open channels around the world

1 SI Unit
C = R1/6 / n
V  R 2/3
h S1/2
o n = Manning roughness
n Dimensions of n? T /L
1/3
coefficient
= T/L1/3 (Unit s/m1/3)

1.49
V  R 2/3
h S1/2
o (English system)
n
Bottom slope
Q  VA
1
Q  ARh2 / 3 S o1 / 2 very sensitive to n
n
 Manning roughness coefficient, n
Lined Canals n
Cement plaster 0.011
Untreated gunite 0.016 n = f (surface
Wood, planed 0.012
roughness, channel
Wood, unplaned 0.013
irregularity, stage...)
Concrete, trowled 0.012
Concrete, wood forms, unfinished 0.015
Rubble in cement 0.020
Asphalt, smooth 0.013
Asphalt, rough 0.016
Natural Channels
Gravel beds, straight 0.025
Gravel beds plus large boulders 0.040
Earth, straight, with some grass 0.026
Earth, winding, no vegetation 0.030
Earth , winding with vegetation 0.050
 Example 1:

 Trapezoidal channel:
 Bottom width = 3.0 m
 Side slope = 1: 1.5
 Base slope = 0.0016
 Manning coefficient = 0.013
 Determine Q if yo = 2.6m.
M.Hanif Chaudry, Open Channel Flow 2nd Edition, Springer, 2008
 Determination of yo

 If Q, So and n given or known and you need to

estimate yo, direct calculation cannot give you
answer. So there are another method can be
use:
1. Try and error
2. Graphical
3. Curves chart
 Example 2:

 A rectangular channel with n = 0.017 with width

6 meter, base slope 0.0016 and to carry
10 m3/s flowrate.
Determine yo with:
1. Try and error
2. Graphical
3. Curves chart