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Lect 01 Introduction02

The document discusses fundamental concepts in aerodynamics including pressure, density, temperature, velocity and their relationship to aerodynamic forces. It also covers topics like the anatomy of airplanes and space vehicles as well as examples applying the concepts.

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Salman Khalil
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42 views

Lect 01 Introduction02

The document discusses fundamental concepts in aerodynamics including pressure, density, temperature, velocity and their relationship to aerodynamic forces. It also covers topics like the anatomy of airplanes and space vehicles as well as examples applying the concepts.

Uploaded by

Salman Khalil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Flight Vehicle Dynamics and Stability

EAE 4240

Dr. Mohammad Alakhras


FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL QUANTITIES OF
A FLOWING GAS
Pressure
Pressure is the normal force per unit area exerted on a surface due
to the time rate of change of momentum of the gas molecules
impacting on that surface.

N/m2 , dyn/cm2 , lb/ft2 , and atm


Density
The density of a substance (including a gas) is the mass of that
substance per unit volume.

kg/m3, slug/ft3, g/cm3, and lbm /ft3 .

SPECIFIC VOLUME
The inverse of density is also used in aerodynamics. It is called the
specific volume v and is defined as the volume per unit mass .

m3 /kg and ft3 /slug.


Temperature
• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of
the particles in the gas. If KE is the mean molecular
kinetic energy, then temperature is given by KE  kT/3 ,
where k is the Boltzmann constant.
• The value of k is 1.38x10-23 J/K, where J is an abbreviation
for joule and K is an abbreviation for Kelvin
• kelvin (K), degree Celsius (°C), degree Rankine (°R), and
degree Fahrenheit (°F).

For example, 90F is the same as 460 90 550R


and 10C is the same as 273 10 283 K
Flow Velocity and Streamlines
The concept of speed is commonplace: It represents the distance
traveled by some object per unit time. the speed and direction of the
gas may vary from point to point in the flow. Hence, flow velocity,
along with p, ρ, and T, is a point property.

flow velocity: The velocity at any fixed point B in a flowing gas is


the velocity of an infinitesimally small fluid element as it sweeps
through B .

flow about an airfoil are sketched, and clearly


show the direction of motion of the gas.
An actual photograph of streamlines over an airfoil
model in a low-speed subsonic wind tunnel.
THE SOURCE OF ALL AERODYNAMIC FORCES
• The four basic aerodynamic flow quantities: p, ρ, T, and V ,
• A knowledge of p, ρ, T, and V at each point of a flow fully defines
the flow field .
THE SOURCE OF ALL AERODYNAMIC FORCES
The aerodynamic force exerted by the airflow on the surface
of an airplane, missile, or the like stems from only two
simple natural sources:
1.Pressure distribution on the surface.
2.Shear stress (friction) on the surface.
EQUATION OF STATE FOR A PERFECT
GAS
The relation among p, ρ, and T for a gas is called the
equation of state . For a perfect gas, the equation of state is

where R is the specific gas constant, the value of which


varies from one type of gas to another. For normal air we
have
Example
The high-pressure air storage tank for a supersonic
wind tunnel has a volume of 1000 ft 3. If air is stored
at a pressure of 30 atm and a temperature of 530°R,
what is the mass of gas stored in the tank in slugs?
In pound mass? Kg?

1 slug = 14.6 Kg
Solution
Example
Air flowing at high speed in a wind tunnel has
pressure and temperature equal to 0.3 atm and
−100°C, respectively. What is the air density? What is
the specific volume?
Solution
Example
1. Consider a case in which the air inside the pressurized
cabin of a jet transport flying at some altitude is at a
pressure of 0.9 atm and a temperature of 15°C. The total
volume of air at any instant inside the cabin is 1800 m3 .
If the air in the cabin is completely recirculated through
the air conditioning system every 20 min, calculate the
mass flow of air in kg/s through the system.

2. Assume that the air temperature inside the cabin remains


constant at 288 K. If the time rate of increase in cabin
pressure is 0.02 atm/min, calculate the time rate of
change of the air density per second.
Solution
ANATOMY OF THE AIRPLANE
Fuselage: is the center body, where most of the usable
volume of the airplane is found (Fuselage is a French word,
meaning a “spindle” shape. So is the word nacelle, meaning
a “small boat.”)
Wings: are the main lift-producing components of the
airplanes
Stabilizers:
are located and sized so as
to provide the necessary
stability for the airplane
ANATOMY OF THE AIRPLANE
Flaps: The function of a flap is to
increase the lift force on the airplane
(Some aircraft are designed with flaps
at the front edge of the wings.

Ailerons: control surfaces that control


the rolling motion of the airplane
around the fuselage.

Elevators: control surfaces that


control the nose up-and-down pitching
motion

Rudder: is a control surface that can


turn the nose of the airplane
to the right or left (called yawing )
In aeronautics it is
common to convey the
shape of an airplane by
means of a three-view
diagram, as shown, a
front view, top view,
and side view,
respectively,
ANATOMY OF A SPACE VEHICLE
A conventional
booster is the Delta
three-stage rocket as
shown
ANATOMY OF A SPACE VEHICLE
SUMMARY
A concise summary of the major ideas in this chapter is as follows:

1.The language of aerodynamics involves pressure, density,


temperature, and velocity.
2.The source of all aerodynamic forces on a body is the pressure
distribution and the shear stress distribution over the surface.
3.A perfect gas is one in which intermolecular forces can be
neglected. For a perfect gas, the equation of state that relates p, ρ,
and T is
where R is the specific gas constant.

4.To avoid confusion, errors, and a number of unnecessary


conversion factors in the basic equations, always use consistent units.
SI units (newton, kilogram, meter, second) and the English
engineering system (pound, slug, foot, second) are used.

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