Let’s Learn

Together…..
 CONTENTS
( Learning Outcomes ) ☺
FEATURES OF PYTHON:
⮚ Python Character Set
⮚ Tokens🡪(Keywords, Identifiers, Literals, Punctuators, Operators)
⮚ Knowledge of Data Types and Operators
⮚ Accepting input from the console
⮚ Assignment statement
⮚ Mutable/Immutable data types
⮚ Introduction to Variable,
⮚ Variable Internals and methods to manipulate it,
⮚ Concept of L-value and R-value of a variable
⮚ Operators and Types and their precedence:
Binary and Unary Operators, Arithmetic Operators,
Augmented Assignment Operators, Relational Operators,
Logical Operators,
⮚ Expressions
 PYTHON CHARACTER SET
A set of valid characters recognized by python.
Python uses the traditional ASCII character set. The
latest version recognizes the Unicode character set.
The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode
character set.
• Letters :- A-Z , a-z
• Digits:- 0-9
• Special symbols :- Special symbol available over
keyboard
• White spaces:- blank space, tab, carriage return,
new line,
 TOKENS
Smallest individual unit in a program is called a token.
They are:

⮚ Keywords
⮚ Identifiers
⮚ Li terals
⮚ Punctuators
⮚ Operators
My funda of remembering Tokens: KILPO 🡪it’s just a shortcut given by me for remembrance ;)
 TOKEN🡪 KEYWORDS
Keywords are the words that convey a special meaning to the
language compiler/interpreter. They are reserved for special
purpose and must not be used as normal identifier names.
and exec not
as finally or
assert for pass
break from print
class global raise
continue if return
def import try
del in while
elif is with
else lambda yield
except
 TOKEN🡪 IDENTIFIERS
Identifiers are the fundamental building blocks of a program which
are used to identify a variable, function name, class name,
module name or any object.
RULES OF WRITING AN IDENTIFIER
✔ An identifier starts with a letter A to Z, a to z or an underscore ( _ ) followed by
zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
✔ Identifier name canNOT start with a digit.
✔ Python does NOT allow special characters other than underscore ( _ ).
✔ Identifier must NOT be a keyword of Python.
✔ Python is a case sensitive programming language that is uppercase letters
(capital letters) and lowercase letters (small letters) are treated differently.
• Some valid identifiers : Mymarks , , tv9r ,
Eg. Marks and marks are two different identifiers
file12 Avg_2 in,Python. _no

• Some invalid identifier : 4Qtr , XI-CS , E mail ,

global
Starts, with digit keyword %age
Special characters - (hyphen) space %
 TOKEN🡪 LITERALS / values
Literals are data items that have a fixed value.
Python allows several kind of literals:
Numeric Literals
• Int (signed integers) 🡪 Positive or Negative
whole numbers with no decimal point Eg.
10, -96, 1234, 0
• Floating point/Real values 🡪 float represent
real numbers and are written with a decimal
point dividing the integer and fractional part.
Eg 2.0,54.7,-12.0,-0.075, .4
• Complex (complex numbers) 🡪 a+bj , where
a and b are floats and J(or j) represents √-1 ,
which is an imaginary number. a is the real
part and b is the imaginary part of the
number.
 TOKEN🡪 LITERALS
contd..
Boolean Literals
True and False are the only two Boolean
values

Special Literal None

None literal represents absence of a
value.
That is why nothing is printed
for the value of b.
String Literal
String literal is a sequence of characters
surrounded by quotes (single or double or
triple)
String literals can be written in either single
 TOKEN🡪 LITERALS contd..
ESCAPE SEQUENCES / Non-graphic characters
TOKEN🡪 LITERALS contd..
ESCAPE SEQUENCE Examples

The cursor moves to the next

line after printing ‘Hello’

The cursor keeps one tab

space after printing
‘wonderful’

The string when written

inside ‘ ‘ single quote
gives an error when we
try to print one ‘
(apostrophe symbol).
So, to remove the error
we use \ escape
sequence.
The same thing written
inside “ double quotes
gives no error.
 TOKEN🡪 PUNCTUATORS
Punctuators are certain symbols which are used in
the programming languages to organize
programming sentence and structures, and indicate
the rhythm and emphasis of expressions, statements,
and program structure.

Most common punctuators of Python programming

language are:

‘ “ # \ ( ) [] {} @ , :
. ` =
 TOKEN🡪 OPERATORS
Operators are tokens that trigger some computation/ action
when applied to variables and other objects in an
expression.
UNARY Unary - , ~ Bitwise complement , not logical
Unary + , OPERATORS
negation
BINARY OPERATORS
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS: +,-,*,/,%,//,**
AUGMENTED ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS: =,
+=,-=,*=,/=,%=,//=,**=
RELATIONAL OPERATORS: >,<,>=,<=,==,!=
LOGICAL OPERATORS: and , or, not
MEMBERSHIP OPERATORS: in, not
in IDENTITY OPERATORS: is, is
not
 DATA TYPES
The kind of data for handling the data used in a
program code is the data type.
CORE DATA TYPES

NUMBERS NONE SEQUENCES MAPPINGS

Floating Dictionary Sets

Integer Complex
Point

Boolean
Strings Tuple List
 MUTABLE AND IMMUTABLE TYPES
• Mutable types:
The mutable types are those whose values can be
changed in place.
Only three types are mutable in Python.
These are: Lists, dictionaries and sets.

• Immutable types:
The immutable types are those that can never
change their value in place.
In python , the following are the immutable types:
Integers, floating point numbers, booleans, strings, tuples
DATA TYPE: Number in Python
It is used to store numeric values.

Python has three numeric types:

1. Integers
2. Floating point numbers
3. Complex numbers.
 DATA TYPE: NUMBER 🡪 Integer
Integer or int are
positive or negative numbers
with no decimal point.
Integers in Python are of
unlimited size.
Type Conversion to Integer , int( ) function

int() function converts

any data type to
integer.
 DATA TYPE: NUMBER 🡪 Float
Float are positive or
negative real numbers with
decimal point. Some Floating
point number examples:
4.5, 2.0, -38.9,-18.0

Type Conversion to Float ,

float( ) function
float() function converts any
data type to floating point
numbers.
 DATA TYPE: Complex Number
• Complex numbers are combination of a real and imaginary part.
• Complex numbers are in the form of X+Yj
, where X is a real part and Y is imaginary part. We know, in
mathematics, j stands for √-1
• Using complex() function , we can also create complex numbers.
 DATA TYPE: Boolean
• Boolean takes any two values, either True or
• False
Every integer number, float number or complex number whether
negative or positive takes a Boolean value True.
• Value 0 , 0.0 , 0+0j are considered False in Boolean.
 DATA TYPE: STRINGS STRING in in Python
A string is a sequence of characters. In python, we can create string
Python
using single('') or double quotes(""). Both are same in python.
FORWARDINDEX DIRECTION
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C omp u t e r
9 10 11 12 13 14 S c i e n c e
15

-16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

BACKWARD INDEX DIRECTION

NOTE:-
The index (also called subscript) is the numbered position of a letter
in the string. In python, indices begin from
0,1,2,…. upto (length-1) in the forward direction and
-1,-2,-3,…..(-length) in the backward direction.
where length is the length of the string.
 DATA TYPE: working with STRING examples
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

C omp u t e r S c i e n c e ! ! !
-19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
 DATA TYPE: String contd..
Python allows to have two string types:
1) Single line strings (Basic strings)
Text enclosed in single quote ‘India’ or in double quotes “Bharat”
are normally single line strings i.e. they must terminate in one line.

2) Multiline strings
Text spread across multiple lines as one single string.
Two ways of treating multiline strings:-
(i) By adding a backslash at (ii) By typing the text in triple quotation
the end of normal single or apostrophe mark (No backslash
quote/double quote needed at the end of line)
strings.
 DATA TYPE: LIST in Python
A list in Python represents a list of comma-separated values of any data type
between square brackets e.g. following are some lists:
LIST is mutable- one can change/add/delete a list’s element)
FORWARD INDEX DIRECTION
0 1 2 3 4 5
10 20 30 40 50 60
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
BACKWARD INDEX DIRECTION
 DATA TYPE: TUPLE in Python
Tuples are represented as list of comma-separated values of any data
type within parentheses. Some examples of tuples:
Tuple is immutable - one cannot change the values of a tuple.
FORWARDINDEX DIRECTION
0 1 2 3 4 5
10 20 30 40 50 60
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
BACKWARD INDEX DIRECTION
 DATA TYPE: DICTIONARY in Python
Dictionary data type is an unordered set of comma-separated key: value
pairs, within { } , with the requirement that within a dictionary, no two keys can be
the same (i.e. there are unique keys within a dictionary). Some examples of
Dictionary:
Value
D = { 10 : ' CS', ' IP': 50
}
Key
 CONCEPT OF VARIABLES
• Variable is a name (Named Labels)
given to a memory location that refers
to a value and whose values can be
used and processed during program
run.
• Python variables are created by NOTE:
assigning value of desired data type to Here, marks, Name and
them. The assignment operator = is used Item_price are the named labels
to assign the values from RHS to LHS (variables) with datatype inferred
variable. Eg. Assign integer value to as Integer, String and Float for the
values 100, ‘Agni’, 999.90
create integer variable, string value to a
respectively.
variable to create string variable.
• Python is a type infer language that marks Name
means you don't need to specify the
datatype of variable. Python
100 ‘Agni’
automatically get variable datatype
depending upon the value assigned to Item_price
the variable. 999.90
MEMORY LOCATIONS: Imagine a Table top with different boxes having some
values stored in them. The variables which you will create are the tags (Like
price tags on items in a mall) , which you will place on the top of the boxes.
These tags(variables) will represent (or point)
those boxes with the value assigned to the
variables. Unlike other programming languages,
VARIABLES ARE NOT SORAGE CONTAINERS
in PYTHON

B
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
B
10 20 30 40 10 20 30 40
A
15 25 35 45 15 25 35 45
A
100 200 300 400 100 200 300 400

11 22 33 44 11 22 33 44
 ASSIGNING VALUES TO VARIABLES
• A Variable is not created ASSIGNING SAME VALUE TO MULTIPLE
VARIABLES
until some value is assigned
to it.

ASSIGNING DIFFERENT VALUES TO

MULTIPLE VARIABLES

SWAPPING VARIABLES’
ASSIGNING VALUES TO VARIABLES ASSIGNING None VALUES
THROUGH AN EXPRESSION. VALUE (nothing)
TO A VARIABLE
 L-VALUE and R-VALUE OF A VARIABLE
Lvalue: Expressions which Rvalue: Expressions which
can be given on the LHS(Left can come on the RHS(Right
Hand Side) of an assignment. hand side) of an assignment.
NOTE: In Python, assigning a
value to a variable means,
variable’s label is referring to that
value
 VARIABLE INTERNALS
VARIABLE
DATA
VALUE ID

id of an object (Identity) TYPE

The id of an object is generally the memory location of the object. Although id is
implementation dependent but in most implementations it returns the memory
location of the object. id() is a built-in function that returns the id of an object.
Consider, the following code

marks marks
100
100 int 1852878304
 More on VARIABLE INTERNALS with example

Here,
⮚ a, b, c are named labels/
variable names /object names a b c
⮚ 10 and 20 are the values
⮚ int is the data type
or <class type> of the
int 10 int 20
variables /objects 1805363264 1805363424
⮚ 1805363264 and 1805363424
are the id of the objects
 INPUT through input() function and
OUTPUT through print() statement
❖ To take input from the user, input() function is used. input() function
takes values in string data type.
Syntax of input Function
input()
❖ To print/display the contents on the console(monitor
screen), print() function is used.
Syntax of print Function
print(expression/variable)

NOTE:
Interactive mode
supports displaying of data ,
both with print() function
and also directly writing
the data (contents) on the
NOTE: But, to display in Script mode , print() function is required to
display the data (contents), otherwise nothing is printed
More on INPUT through input() function and
OUTPUT through print() statement…….
# input () takes
string value
by default.

# But price
should be of
numeric value

#We can use

int() or float ()
function with
the input
function
 Some more on 🡪input() and print()

sep and end parameters of print()

function.
sep is the separator parameter which separates the strings given in print function.
The default separator (in the absence of sep) is a space ‘ ’.
end parameter denotes the end character to be given at the last of the print() functions
data/content.
 DYNAMIC
TYPING
A Variable pointing to a value NOTE:
Here, variable
of a certain type, can be made a changes its
to point to a value/object of data type from
‘int’ to ‘string’
different type. dynamically
This is called Dynamic typing. ( i.e. during run
time).

DYNAMIC TYPING
error
 UNARY OPERATORS
Unary + , Unary ~ Bitwise complement , not logical
-, negation
BINARY OPERATORS
ARITHMETIC OPERATORS: +,-,*,/,%,//,**
AUGMENTED ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS: = ,
+=,-=,*=,/=,%=,//=,**=
RELATIONAL OPERATORS: >,<,>=,<=,==,!
= LOGICAL OPERATORS: and , or, not
MEMBERSHIP OPERATORS: in, not in
IDENTITY OPERATORS: is, is not
BITWISE OPERATORS: &(Bitwise AND), ^(Bitwise XOR), |(Bitwise
 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
1) BINARY OPERATOR: requires two A + B , where A and B
are Operands and + is the
values(or operands) to calculate a final
answer Operator
SYMB BINARY DESCRIPTION
OL OPERATOR

+ ADDITION
Operator
returns sum of two values

- SUBTRACTION
Operator
subtracts second operand from first operand

* MULTIPLICATION
Operator
multiplies two values

/ DIVISION
Operator
divides first operand by the second operand and
always return a float value

% MODULO
Operator
produces the remainder of dividing the first
operand by the second operand

// FLOOR DIVISION
Operator
divides the first operand with the second operand
in which the whole part of the result is given in
the output , the fractional part is truncated

** EXPONENTIATION returns the no. raised to a power(exponent)

Negative Number Arithmetic

NOTE:
In Mathematics,

XY = X**Y in Computer
Science.

X-Y = 1/(X**Y)
 ARITHMETIC
OPERATORS
2) UNARY OPERATOR : -A , where A is the
single
operators that act on one operand) Operand and - is the Unary

Unary + Operator

⮚ If a=5 then +a means 5

⮚ If a=0 then +a means 0
⮚ If a=-4 then +a means -4

Unary –
⮚ If a=5 then –a means -5
⮚ If a=0 then –a means 0
⮚ If a=-4 then –a means 4

NOT is a Unary operator which has

been covered under Logical operators
 Au gmented assi gnm ent operator
OPERATORS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE EQUIVALENT
ASSIGNMENT

= Assigns values from right side

operands to left side
a=b a=b
operand.
+= Add 2 numbers and assigns the
result to left operand.
a=a+b a+=b

/= Divides 2 numbers and assigns

the result to left operand.
a=a/b a/=b

*= Multiply 2 numbers and assigns

the result to left operand.
a=a*b a*=b

a-=b
-= Subtracts 2 numbers and assigns
the result to left operand
a=a-b Here,
a*=b
%= Modulus 2 numbers and assigns
the result to left operand.
a=a%b a%=b is equivalent to a=a*b

b-=c
//= Floor division on 2 numbers and
assigns the result to left operand
a=a//b a//=b
is equivalent to b=b-c

**= Calculate power on operators and

assigns the result to left operand
a=a**b a**=b c/=5
is equivalent to c=c/5
 RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Relational Operators are used to compare the values of Left Hand
⮚
Side (LHS) and Right Hand Side (RHS) of the relational operator.
⮚ Relational Operators always return Boolean value True or False
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
== Equal to,
return True if LHS is equal to RHS of the operator
A==B
!= Not Equal to,
Returns True if LHS is not Equal to RHS
A!=B
> Greater than,
Returns True if LHS is greater than RHS
A>B
>= Greater than or Equal to,
Returns True if LHS is greater than or equal to RHS
A>=B
< Less than,
Returns True if LHS is less than RHS
A<B
<= Less than or Equal to,
Returns True if LHS is less than or equal to RHS
A<=B

Here, A and B can be an expression or a variable.

Some examples of Relational Operator

NOTE: T of True and F of False is always in capital letters

 MORE on RELATIONAL OPERATOR principles
FOR NUMERIC DATA TYPES FOR LISTS AND TUPLES
values are compared after Two lists and similarly two tuples
removing trailing zeros after are equal if they have same elements
decimal point from a floating in the same order.
point number.

Some more principles

on using parentheses ()
X+Y<Y*2 is equivalent to
(X+Y)<(Y*2)

FOR STRING DATA TYPES 🡪 In ASCII value,

A=65,B=66,C=67.....Z=90
a=97,b=98,c=99…… z=122
‘ ’ = 32 (blank or white space)

FOR BOOLEAN
True is equivalent
to 1 and Boolean
False is equivalent
to 0
 IDENTIT Y OPERATOR ( is , not)
is
Is, is not are the operators which compares two objects in terms
their memory locations which is their corresponding ide of ntity
(id)
OPERATORS DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
is It returns True, if two variables point to the
same object, else it returns false
P is Q

is not P
It returns True, if two variables point to different
objects, else it returns false Qnot
P is
int 10
1805363264

R
int 20
Here, P and Q can be an expression or a variable object.
1805363424
EQUALITY OPERATOR (==) and
IDENTITY OPERATOR (is)
a b
char
‘Hi’
58401024

c
char ‘Hi’
64317056
NOTE: c is the input taken from User.
The reason behind this behaviour is that there are few cases where
Python creates two different objects that both store the same value.
These are:
i) Input of strings from the console
ii) Writing integer literals with many digits (very big integers)
iii) Writing floating point and complex literals
 MEMBERSHIP OPERATOR
Membership operator tests for Membership in a sequence.
Returns Boolean True or False
OPERATOR DESCRIPTION
in Results to True value if it finds a variable at the LHS of in operator in the
sequence mentioned in the RHS of the in operator, else it returns False

not in Results to True value if it does not find a variable at the LHS of in operator in
the sequence mentioned in the RHS of the in operator, else it returns False

Program
written in
script
mode

Output
visible on
Interpreter
shell
 LOGICAL OPERATORS
or , and , not
Logical operators are used to
perform logical operations on the
given two variables or values.
 or operator
The or operator combines two expressions, which make its operands.
i) Relational expression as X Y
operands
X
Tea or Coffee X
Y
Y X or Y
False False False
False True True
NOTE: If either Tea or Coffee is True False True
available at home, you can have X Y
it, hence True. If nothing True True True
available out of the two then,
False
ii) Numbers / Strings / Lists as operands
In an expression
operand X orotherwise
Y as result, Y , if first operand
return X.(i.e. expression X) has false, then return
second NOTE: Every integer
X Y X or Y number, float number or
False False Y complex number whether
negative or positive
takes a Boolean value
False True Y True.
True False X Value 0 , 0.0 , 0+0j are
considered False in
Boolean.
True True X
 and operator
The and operator combines two expressions, which make its operands.
i) Relational expression as X Y
operands
X
Pen and Paper
Y

X Y X and Y
False False False
NOTE: To write something using pen False True False
and paper, you need both pen and
paper. Then only its True and you will True False False X Y
be able to write. Otherwise, in
absence of anyone out of the two will True True True
be False

ii) Numbers / strings / Lists as operands

In an expression X and Y , if first operand (i.e. expression X) has false, then return first
operand X as result, otherwise return Y.
X Y X and Y
NOTE: Every integer
False False X number, float number or
complex number whether
False True X negative or positive
True False Y takes a Boolean value
True.
True True Y Value 0 , 0.0 , 0+0j are
 not
⮚ The logical not operator works on single
operator
expression or operand i.e. it is a unary
X Not(X)
operator. =Y
⮚ Not operator negates or reverses the truth
value of the expression. True False
⮚ A non-zero value is always true(1) (1) (0)
i.e. 5 , 24,-38 all are true value. False True
⮚ A zero (0, 0.0, 0+0j) is a false(0) value (0) (1)
⮚ Empty string ‘’ is considered as False.
X
⮚ A white space ‘ ’ is considered as True.

Y
CHAINED COMPARISON OPERATOR

Both the
statements
are
equivalent.
Hence, the
output is
same.
 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raised to the power) Highest
~+- Complement unary plus and minus(method
Priority
names for last two are +@ and -@)
*/%// Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+- Addition and Subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise ‘AND‘
^| Bitwise exclusive ‘OR' and regular ‘OR'
<= <> >= Comparison operators
< > == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= += ‘= “= Assignment operators
is , is not Identity operators
in , not in Membership operators
Lowest
not , or , Logical operators
 OPERATOR ASSOCIATIVITY
⮚ Left-to-right associativity for all the operators except
exponentiation ** operator
⮚ For eg. multiplication(*),division (/) and floor division
operator(//) have the same precedence,
⮚In same expression🡪 the operator on the left is evaluated first
and then the operator on its right and so on.
Here,
* /
Left to Right Associativity

// have
Same the
as same
precedence
level. So,
by
default left to
Some more exampleson
OPERATORNotASSOCIATIVITY
the
same
Same
NOTE:
as
Here, in the expression / (Division operator )
has the higher priority the + (Addition
operator) in the precedence table.

Not the
same
Same
as EXCEPTIONAL CASE:
If an expression contains **, then
this exponentiation operator has right
 Expression= Atom +
• An atom is something that has a value. Identifiers, literals,
Operators
strings, lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries etc.
• An atom is something that has some value.
EXPRESSION: It is referred as a valid combination of
operators and atoms. An expression is composed of one or more
operations.
Types of Expressions
(i) Arithmetic expressions
(ii) Relational expressions
(iii) Logical expressions
(iv) String expressions

Two string operators + and *

 DATA TYPE
CONVERSIONS
The process of converting the value of one data
type (integer, string, float, etc.) to another
data type is called type conversion.

Python has two kinds of type conversion.

i) Implicit Type Conversion
ii) Explicit Type Conversion
 IMPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
In implicit type conversion, Python automatically
converts one data type to another data type.
This process doesn’t need any user involvement.
Eg.
 EXPLICIT TYPE CONVERSION
In Explicit Type Conversion, user converts the data
type of an object to required data type. We
use the predefined functions like int(),float(),str()
etc.
Eg.

Changing Data type of s from <str> type to <int> type

 DATA HANDLING 🡪 WORKING WITH
MATH MODULE
Some mathematical functions in math module are:
Write this statement before using the
following functions in the math module.
FUNCTION Prototype Description
(General form)

sqrt math.sqrt(num) The sqrt() function returns

the square root of num.If
√25 = 5
num <0, domain error
occurs
24=16
pow math.pow
(base, exp)
The pow() function returns
this raised to exp power
2 -4 =
i.e., base exp. A domain
error occurs if base=0 and 1
exp<=0; also if base <0 and
exp is not integer. 16
=0.0625

fabs math.fabs(num) The fabs() functions returns

the absolute value of num
|18|=18.0
i.e. the magnitude of the |-18|=18.0
number without sign(+ or -)
 FUNCTION Prototype Description Q) Find :
(General form)
math.ceil(2.7) and
math.floor(2.7)
floor math.floor(num) The floor()
functions
returns the
largest integer
value not
ceiling
greater than 2.7
num
floor
ceil math.ceil(num) The ceil()
functions
returns the
smallest
integer not less
than num.

HINT:
Imagine a room between the two integer points on
the y axis where the given value will lie.
ceiling
Now, the integer value which comes in the ceiling of
- 2.7
the room is the answer for ceil function . Similarly floor
integer value which comes in the floor of the room is
the answer for floor function.
FUNCTIO Prototype Description
N (General
form)

exp math.exp(arg) The exp() function

returns the natural
logarithm e raised to
the arg power
Value of e is 2.718

sin math.sin(arg) The sin() functions

returns the sine of
arg.the value of arg must
be in radians.

Cos math.cos(arg) The cos() functions

returns the cosine of
arg. The value of
arg must be in
radians
tan math.tan(arg) The tan() function
returns the tangent of
arg. The value of arg
must be in radians.
FUNCTION Prototype Description
(General form)

log math.log
(num,[base])
The log() function
returns the natural
logarithm for num. A
domain error occurs if
num is negative and a
range error occurs if the
argument num is zero.

log10 math.log10(num) The log10() function

returns the base 10
logarithm for num. A
domain error occurs if
num is negative and
range error occurs if the
argument is zero.

degrees math.degrees(x) The degrees()

converts angle x from
radians to degree

radians math.radians(x) The radians()

converts angle x from
degrees to radians
 APPLICATION OF MATH MODULE FUNCTIONS IN
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
Q) Write the corresponding Python Expressions from the
mathematical expressions:
i) ut+1/2
ft2
Ans. u*t+1/2*f*t*t
Alternative way

u*t+(1/2)*f*math.pow(t,2)

ii) |e2y-x|
Ans.
math.fabs(math.exp(2*y)-x)
 TIME TO SOLVE……………
Q1) Give☺the output for the Q2) Write the corresponding
Python Expressions from
print statements the mathematical
import math expressions:

a=math.pow(2,5) i) |a|+b >= |b|+a

print(a) ii)

print(math.sqrt(81))
print(math.ceil(12.8)) (iii)
Cos(x) - 5x
print(math.floor(12.8)
print(math.ceil(-38.5)) iv) Tan(x)

print(math.floor(-38.5))
q
 Bibliograhy and References
• Google
• Wikipedia
• Quora
• geektogeeks
• Book: XI Computer Science
– By Sumita Arora, Dhanpat Rai
Publication 2020 Edition
• Book: XI Informatics Practices
– By Sumita Arora, Dhanpat Rai
Publication 2020 Edition
 Swami Vivekananda

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