Content overview

Computer systems
1. Data representation
2. Data transmission
3. Hardware
4. Software
5. The internet and its uses
6. Automated and emerging technologies
Algorithms, programming and logic
7. Algorithm design and problem-solving
8. Programming
9. Databases
10.Boolean logic
Chapter 1
Data Representation
 Numbering System
 Text, Sound and images
 Data storage and compression
Binary Numbering System
What is Denary?
 We use Denary ( Decimal) System with digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
 Denary system is base 10 system
For example the number 236

200 30 6 Different values

Why?
• Each digit have place value according to its position in the numerical system.
• In Denary system, the place value =10n
where n start from 0 at rightmost and is increased by 1 from right to left.

Eg. 4810

103 102 101 100

Place Value

1000 100 10 1

Number 4 8 1 0
4810 = (4*1000) + (8*100) + (1*10) + (1*0)
Binary System
 Computer use Binary System
 Binary System is a base 2 system with only two digit (bit) 0 or 1.
 For Example : 1011
 In Binary, the place value = (2n) where n is increased from right to left

23 22 21 20
Place Value

8 4 2 1

Number 1 0 1 1
 Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent denary number of 10101101
Place value 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

128 + 32 + 8+ 4+ 1=173
10101101=173
 Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent denary number of 01101100
Place value 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

64 + 32 + 8+ 4=108
01101100=108
Converting Binary to Denary
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Denary number of 1100

8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0

8 + 4 = 12
1100 = 12
 Exercise
 What are the denary equivalents of the following binary numbers?
(a) 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
(b) 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 Homework
Convert the following binary numbers into denary:
a. 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
b. 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
c. 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
d. 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
e. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f. 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
g. 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
h. 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
i. 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
j. 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

69 = 64 + 4 + 1

69 = 01000101
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

213= 128 + 64 + 16 + 4 + 1

213 = 11010101

Convert the following denary numbers into binary:

(a) 103
(b) 135
Converting Denary to Binary (Method 1)
 Example1 : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213

Place 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Value
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

213 – 128 = 85
85 - 64= 21
21 - 16= 5
5- 4 = 1
1 - 1= 0

213 = 11010101
Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 69

2 69 R
2 34 1

2 17 0

2 8 1

2 4 0 Bottom to up
2 2 0

2 1 0
0 1

The denary number 69= 1000101 =01000101(8 bit binary number)

Converting Decimal to Binary (Method 2)
For example : Find the equivalent Binary number of 213

2 213 R
2 106 1

2 53 0

2 26 1

2 13 0 Bottom to up
2 6 1

2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1

The denary number 213= 11010101

 Exercise
 Convert the following binary numbers into denary:
00110011
10100010
 Convert the following denary numbers into binary (using both methods):
41
84
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Name : Dr. Shwe Thinzar Aung
 Usage of Binary Number
Number 15
00001111
Text A

01000001

Image/graphics 010000011
1001111
10000000
….
010110111
Voice 0011110
11000000
….

 Computer used binary to represent data ( Number, text, graphics and voice) and
program instructions
Why?
Usage of Binary Number
 Binary is needed to represent data and instructions because of the way in which
computers work.
 The processor , which process all data and instruction, contains billions of
transistors which are connected together to form circuit
 The transistor act as switch and have only two states: on or off , these states
are represented by binary number ( 1 and 0 )
Measurement of the size of computer
memories
 A binary digit is commonly referred to as a BIT (0 / 1);
 1 nibble = 4 bits (1010)
 1 byte= 8 bits. (10111110)
 The byte is the smallest unit of memory in a computer.

Name of memory size Number of bits Equivalent denary value

1 kilobyte (1 KB) 210 1 024 bytes

1 megabyte (1 MB) 220 1 048 576 bytes
1 gigabyte (1 GB) 230 1 073 741 824 bytes
1 terabyte (1 TB) 240 1 099 511 627 776 bytes
1 petabyte (1 PB) 250 1 125 899 906 842 624
bytes

Note : 220 = 210 * 210 =1024*1024 = 1048576

Example
 If the download speed for internet is 32 megabit per second, how long
would it take to download a 40 MB file (in second)?

32 megabit= 4MB
4MB = 1 sec

40MB = 10 sec
Usage of Binary number
 Register
 Is a group of bit
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
 Can store data, instruction and address.
 When computers (or microprocessors) are used to control devices
(such as robots), registers are used as part of the control system.
 Example
 The following example describes how registers can be used in controlling a simple
device. A robot vacuum cleaner has three wheels, A, B and C. A rotates on a
spindle to allow for direction changes B and C are fixed to revolve around their
axles to provide only forward and backward movement, and have an electric motor
attached:

An 8-bit register is used to control the movement of the robot vacuum cleaner:
If the register contains 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
‘motor B is ON and motor C is ON
and both motors are turning to produce
Backward motion’.
The vacuum cleaner is moving Backword
Hexadecimal System (Hexa)
 It is difficult for humans to remember and manipulate 8-bit or 32-bit binary
number
 Thus, Hexadecimal is used to represent binary number.
 Computer never use hexadecimal number.
 Hexadecimal is a base 16 system with digits
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A(=10), B (=11), C (=12), D (=13), E
(=14),
F (=15)
 In Hexadecimal, the place value is power of 16 (16n) in which the
power(n) is increased from right to left
 For Example : 1A9
Place Value 162 161 160
256 16 1
Number 1 A 9
Hexadecimal
 It is fast and simple to convert between hexadecimal numbers and
binary.
 How many number of bits are used to represent hexa digit.
F=15=?
8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1

F=15=1111
 Binary used 4 bit to represent hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal can be used to represent large binary number is just a
few digit which makes it easier to read, write and understand.
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
 For Example 1:
 101111100001
 Split this into 4 bit group

1011 1110 0001

8421 8421 8421

1011 1110 0001

11 14 1

B E 1

I01I11100001= BE1
Converting binary to Hexadecimal
 For Example 2: 10000111111101

10 0001 1111 1101

10 0001 1111 1101

8421 8421 8421 8421
0010 0001 1111 1101

2 1 F D

100 0 0 I 111111 0 l= 21FD

Exercise
1. Find the hexadecimal number of
(a) 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
(b) 011011110111
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
 For Example 1:
 45A
4 5 A
8421 8421 8421
0100 0101 1010

45A=010001011010
Converting Hexadecimal to Binary
 For Example 1:
 2BF
2 B F
8421 8421 8421
0010 1011 1111

2BF=001010111111

Exercise
(1)19FE
(2) 8DCE

Pg 124 Act 7 No 1,2

Converting Hexadecimal to Denary
 For Example : 45A
162 161 160
4 5 A

(4 * 256=1024) + (5 * 16=80 ) + (10* 1=10) = 1114

45A= 1114
 multiply each digit by its place
value
 Add the totals together
Converting Hexadecimal to Denary
 For Example : 2BF
162 161 160
2 B F

(2* 256=512) + (11 * 16=176 ) + (15* 1=15) = 703

2BF= 703
 multiply each digit by its place
value
 Add the totals together

Ex1
(a) A01
(b) 19
Exercise
1. Find the hexadecimal number of 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
2. Find the binary number of B F 0
Converting Denary to Hexadecimal

For example : Convert denary number 162 to Hexa decimal

16 162 R Hexa
16 10 2 2
Bottom to up
0 10 A

The denary number 162 = A2  Successive division by 16

 The remainders are read from

BOTTOM to TOP to give the
hexadecimal value.
Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
For example : Convert denary number 2004 to Hexa decimal

16 2004 R Hexa
16 125 4 4

16 7 13 D Bottom to up
0 7 7

The denary number 2004= 7D4

Usage of Hexadecimal
 Computer do not actually process hexadecimal, they convert it into binary before
processing
 Programmers work with hexadecimal as it is easier to read, copy and understand
than binary.
 Hexadecimal is a much shorter way of representing binary data.
 There are four uses of hexa system
 Error code
 MAC address
 IPV6 address
 HTML color codes
Usage of HexaDecimal
 Color code in HTML
 Used in HTML
 Three primary colors (red, green, blue) is determined by its hexadecimal
 Red : #FF 00 00 1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000
 Green: #00 FF 00
 Blue: #00 00 FF

Eg. <body bgcolor=FF0000>

Usage of Hexa Decimal
 Error code
 Error codes are often shown as hexadecimal values.
 These numbers refer to the memory location of the error and are
usually automatically generated by the computer.
 The programmer needs to know how to interpret the hexadecimal error
codes.

0x1 Incorrect Function

0x27 The disk is full
Usage of Hexa decimal
IP address
 Each device connected to a network is given an address known as the
Internet Protocol (IP) address.
 An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number written in denary or hexadecimal form:
e.g. 109.108.158.1 (or 77.76.9e.01 in hex).
 An IPv6 address is a 128-bit number broken down into 16-bit chunks,
represented by a hexadecimal number.
a8fb:7a88:fff0:0fff:3d21:2085:66fb:f0fa
Usage of Hexadecimal
Media Access Control Address (MAC)
 Is a unique number which identifies a device on the internet .
 Is assigned by manufacture company.
 A MAC address is usually made up of 48 bits which are shown as six groups of
hexadecimal digits (although 64-bit addresses are also known):
 NN - NN - NN - DD - DD – DD or
 NN:NN:NN:DD:DD:DD
 where the first half (NN - NN - NN) is the identity number of the manufacturer of
the device
 the second half (DD- DD - DD) is the serial number of the device.
 eg 00 – 1C – B3 – 4F – 25 – FE
Advantages of Hexa Decimal
 Easier to read, understand and remember
 Short way to represent binary
 Fewer errors made
 Easier to debug error.
Six binary or hexadecimal numbers and six denary conversions are given.
Draw a line to connect each binary or hexadecimal number to the correct
denary conversion.
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