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Measurement and Data Analysis

The document discusses various concepts related to measurement and data processing including qualitative vs quantitative analysis, accuracy vs precision, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, mathematical operations with measured data, errors, uncertainties, graphical techniques including correlation, best fit lines, and finding intercepts of graphs.

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lina
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19 views31 pages

Measurement and Data Analysis

The document discusses various concepts related to measurement and data processing including qualitative vs quantitative analysis, accuracy vs precision, uncertainty in measurement, significant figures, mathematical operations with measured data, errors, uncertainties, graphical techniques including correlation, best fit lines, and finding intercepts of graphs.

Uploaded by

lina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASUREMENT

AND DATA
PROCESSING

1
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

• QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS INVOLVES THE IDENTIFICATION OR CATEGORIZATION OF


SUBSTANCES BASED ON THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS,
WHICH CAN INCLUDE PROPERTIES LIKE CHEMICAL REACTIVITY, SOLUBILITY,
MOLAR MASS, MELTING POINT, EMISSION AND ABSORPTION PROPERTIES, MASS
SPECTRA, NUCLEAR HALF-LIFE, AND MORE.

• ON THE OTHER HAND, QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IS CONCERNED WITH


ESTABLISHING THE QUANTITY OR CONCENTRATION OF A SUBSTANCE BEING
ANALYSED AND REPRESENTING THIS MEASUREMENT AS A NUMERICAL VALUE IN
2
SUITABLE UNITS.
QUALITATIVE
VS
QUANTITATIVE
ANALYSIS

3
ACCURACY AND PRECISION
• ACCURACY IS THE CLOSENESS BETWEEN THE RESULT OF A MEASUREMENT AND
THE TRUE VALUE OF MEASURAND (WHICH IS THE QUANTITY TO BE MEASURED).
• PRECISION IS THE CLOSENESS BETWEEN INDEPENDENT TEST RESULTS.

4
ACCURACY VS PRECISION

5
UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT

• AS SCIENTISTS, WHEN WE CONDUCT A SPECIFIC EXPERIMENT THAT REQUIRES


MEASUREMENT, THERE WILL INEVITABLY EXIST A LEVEL OF UNCERTAINTY
LINKED TO THE MEASURED DATA. THIS MEANS THAT THE DATA WE GATHER WILL
INHERENTLY CONTAIN SOMEWHAT INEXACT VALUES.

• THIS UNCERTAINTY MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH FACTORS SUCH AS THE


INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE LABORATORY.

6
EXAMPLE
Notice that more precise
measuring tools have a
smaller degree of
uncertainty and in this
case, it is the analytical
balance shown at the
right.

7
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

• SIGNIFICANT FIGURES REFER TO THE NUMBER OF DIGITS REFLECTING THE


PRECISION OF A GIVEN MEASUREMENT. THE GREATER THE NUMBER OF
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES, THE GREATER THE CERTAINTY ABOUT THE NUMERICAL
VALUE OF THE MEASURED OR CALCULATED QUANTITY. TO KNOW THE NUMBER
OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ASSOCIATED WITH A MEASUREMENT, IT IS USEFUL TO
EXPRESS THE MEASURED PARAMETER IN SCIENTIFIC NOTATION (SOMETIMES
CALLED EXPONENTIAL NOTATION).

8
RULES FOR DETERMINING THE SIGNIFICANT
DIGITS
2) ALL ZEROES BETWEEN
1) ALL NON-ZERO DIGITS ARE SIGNIFICANT DIGITS ARE
COUNTED AS SIGNIFICANT. SIGNIFICANT.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
 1.355 GRAMS → 4 SF → GRAMS  100056 CM → 5 SF → CM
 263 METERS → 3 SF → METERS
 45.1 DEGREES →3 SF → DEGREES

9
RULES FOR DETERMINING THE SIGNIFICANT
DIGITS
3) ALL ZEROES WHICH ARE USED TO 4) ALL ZEROES WRITTEN ON THE
LOCATE THE DECIMAL POINT (ZEROES RIGHT OF A DECIMAL POINT ARE
BEFORE THE FIRST NON-ZERO DIGIT) ARE SIGNIFICANT.
NOT SIGNIFICANT.

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
 0.123 CM → 3 SF → CM  1.300 KG → 4 SF → KG
 0.0049 CM → 2 SF → CM

10
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH
MEASURED DATA
1) MULTIPLICATION AND 2) ADDITION AND
DIVISION SUBTRACTION
THE RESULT SHOULD BE EXPRESSED THE RESULT SHOULD BE EXPRESSED
BASED ON THE MEASUREMENT WITH THE WITH THE SMALLEST NUMBER OF
SMALLEST NUMBER OF SIGNIFICANT DECIMAL PLACES.
FIGURES.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
FIND THE AREA OF 27.630 CM X 0.017 FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 5.32
CM. AND 2.7321.

11
WORKED EXAMPLE

d=
12
13
ERRORS
RANDOM ERRORS SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
 ERRORS OCCURRED BECAUSE OF  ERRORS THAT ARE RELATED TO EXPERIMENTAL
UNCONTROLLED VARIABLES. DESIGN, INSTRUMENTATION, PERSONAL ERRORS.
 THEY CANNOT BE ELIMINATED BUT  THESE ERRORS CAN BE REDUCED BY PAYING
MORE ATTENTION TO THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.
CAN BE REDUCED BY REPEATED
MEASUREMENTS.  THEY AFFECT THE ACCURACY.

 THEY AFFECT THE PRECISION. EXAMPLE:

EXAMPLE: LEAKAGE OF SYRINGES, HEAT LOST BY A


CALORIMETER, WRONG CALIBRATION OF AN
ESTIMATING VARIABLES, REACTION
INSTRUMENT, NOT READING THE BOTTOM OF THE
TIME MENISCUS 14
UNCERTAINTIES

ABSOLUTE UNCERTAINTY RELATIVE UNCERTAINTY


• IN AN EXPERIMENTAL RESULT • IT IS THE RATIO BETWEEN THE
SUCH AS WHERE IS THE ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE UNCERTAINTY AND THE
UNCERTAINTY. MEASURED VALUE.
•

15
RULES FOR OPERATIONS OF UNCERTAINTIES

1) ADDITION AND 2) MULTIPLICATION AND


SUBTRACTION DIVISION
• THE ABSOLUTE UNCERTAINTIES ARE • THE PERCENTAGE (%) RELATIVE
SIMPLY ADDED. UNCERTAINTIES ARE ADDED AND
THEN THE RESULT IS CHANGED BACK
TO RELATIVE UNCERTAINTIES.

16
EXAMPLE 1

17
EXAMPLE 2

18
EXAMPLE 3

19
EXAMPLE 4

20
EXAMPLE 5

21
22
GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUES

• A GRAPH IS OFTEN THE BEST


METHOD OF PRESENTING AND
ANALYSING DATA. IN A GRAPH OF Y
VERSUS X, THE INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE (THAT IS, THE CAUSE) IS
PLOTTED ON THE X-AXIS AND THE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (THAT IS,
THE EFFECT) IS PLOTTED ON THE Y-
AXIS.
23
CORRELATION

• THE DEGREE OF RELATIONS AND THE DIRECTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP


BETWEEN SETS OF VARIABLES SHOW THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE
VARIABLES.

• A POSITIVE CORRELATION IS WHERE THE TWO VARIABLES INCREASE OR DECREASE IN


PARALLEL TO ONE ANOTHER. A NEGATIVE CORRELATION IS ONE IN WHICH ONE
VARIABLE INCREASES WHILE THE SECOND VARIABLE DECREASES OR VICE VERSA.

24
CORRELATION

r = +1, is indicative of a perfect r = 0, no linear r = -1, is indicative of a perfect


positive linear relationship (all relationship exists negative linear relationship where
points lie on a straight line) (there is complete one variable increases, the other
scatter of points) decreases –the gradient will be
negative
25
“BEST FIT LINE” GRAPH

• WHEN YOU PLOT DATA OBTAINED FROM AN


EXPERIMENT YOU MAY FIND THAT,
ALTHOUGH THERE IS A LINEAR
RELATIONSHIP, NOT ALL THE DATA POINTS LIE
EXACTLY ON THE LINE. FOR THIS PURPOSE, IT
IS BEST TO DRAW A LINE OF BEST FIT.
• THE ‘BEST-FIT’ LINE PASSES AS NEAR TO AS
MANY OF THE POINTS AS POSSIBLE, BUT THIS
LINE MAY NOT NECESSARILY CONTAIN ALL
THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA POINTS.
26
FINDING THE INTERCEPT
OF THE GRAPH

• THE INTERCEPT CAN BE FOUND BY TWO


METHODS:
• USING THE EQUATION OF A LINE, Y = MX + C
(FIGURE 2)
• USING EXTRAPOLATION (FIGURE 3)

27
EXAMPLE 6

28
29
30
31

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