DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION
MODULE 1
BY
Dr.SACHIN PATIL
Asso Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 1

 STEEL STRUCTURE
• Assemblage of group of steel members.
• Members are subjected to forces which can either be axial, flexural,
torsion or a combination.
• Axial load can be either tensile or compressive, and accordingly
members are called tension members or compression members.
• So, a steel structure is a combination of elements such as tension
members, compression members and flexural members.

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 2

 JOINTS
• Steel elements are connected using

Rivets Bolts Pins Welds

• connection so formed are called joints.
• The connections are classified as rigid(which can transfer moments),
flexible(which can transfer axial loads) or semi rigid(which fall
between rigid and flexible).
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 3
CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE

The elements of steel structures are rolled to a basic cross section in a

mill

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 4

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
PROCESS OF MANUFACTURE

hot steel is passed through series of rollers that squeeze the material
into desired cross sectional shapes.

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 5

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
• The variety of steel sections available is so great that any desired
structural effect can be achieved in steel.
• Following are the variety of steel sections:
1.Rolled steel Beams or I-sections
• ISJB- Indian Standard Junior Beam
• ISLB- Indian Standard Light Beam
• ISMB- Indian Standard Medium Beam
• ISWB- Indian Standard Wide flange Beam
• ISHB- Indian Standard Heavy Beam

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 6

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
2.Rolled steel Channels or C-sections
• ISJC- Indian Standard Junior Channel
• ISLC- Indian Standard Light Channel
• ISMC- Indian Standard Medium Channels

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 7

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
3.Rolled steel Equal and Unequal angles
• ISA- Indian Standard Angles

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 8

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
4.Rolled steel Tee Bars or T-sections
• ISNT- Indian Standard Normal Tee
• ISHT- Indian Standard Heavy Tee
• ISST- Indian Standard Short Tee
• ISLT- Indian Standard Light Tee
• ISJT- Indian Standard Junior Tee

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 9

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
5.Rolled steel Tube sections

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 10

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
6. Rolled steel Bars

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 11

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
7. Rolled steel flats

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 12

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
8. Rolled steel Plates

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 13

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
9. Rolled steel Sheets

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 14

CLASSIFICATION OF SECTIONS
10. Rolled steel Strips

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 15

DESIGNATION OF SECTIONS
• I-section, C-section and T-section are designated by their
depth and weight
ISLB 500@ 735.8 N/m
This means the I-section is 500mm deep and self weight is
735.8 N per metre length.

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 16

DESIGNATION OF SECTIONS
• An angle section is designated by length and thickness of its
leg
ISA 40x25x6mm
This means section is unequal angle with legs of 40mm and
25mm length and thickness of the leg is 6mm

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 17

BUILT UP / COMPOUND SECTION
• If the requirements are especially severe, then a compound
section or built-up section is used

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 18

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES
• Steel members have high strength per unit weight.
• Steel is a ductile material.
• Steel is light in weight.
• Steel is environment friendly.
• Steel can be transported easily.
• Steel provides gas and water tight structures.
• Steel has long life if properly maintained.
• Steel does not change its properties with time.
• Steel can be easily fabricated and erected.
• They can be erected at faster rate.
• Steel construction causes least disturbance to the community.
• Steel is the ultimate recyclable material & Steel has highest scrap value.
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 19
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL STRUCTURES
• Steel require frequent painting and maintenance as they get
corroded.
• Steel require fireproof treatment, which increases cost.
• Fatigue is another undesirable property of steel.
• Steel may lose its ductility due to certain conditions at places
where there is stress concentrations. Fatigue and low
temperatures amplify this situation.

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 20

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1.SAFETY
• normal expected loads
• less frequent loads
• accidental loads
• Also collapse due to load exceeding bearing capacity,
overturning, sliding, buckling, fatigue fracture should be
prevented

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 21

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
2.STABILITY
• Progressive failure has to be minimized.
3. SERVICEABILITY
• service without excessive deflection, cracking, vibration and
should be durable, impermeable, acoustic and thermally insulated.
4. ECONOMY & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
• Increasing design margins of safety may enhance safety and
serviceability, but increases the cost of the structure.
• While selecting the material for the structure the designer has to
consider the effects of the demolished structure on environment
also.
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 22
CODES
process

Committee of producers,
designers, educators, fabricators,
government bodies and other
interested bodies write the code

This draft is circulated to larger section

of engineers, designers and
professionals and their comments are
considered

Bureau of Indian
Standards prints the
code

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 23

CODES
• Agreed opinions of experienced engineers and
professionals
• Written for the purpose of protecting the public by
providing guidelines for the design and construction
of structures
• Revised at regular intervals to include new
developments (in research, materials, construction
techniques), experience gained from past design
practice, behaviour of existing structure and failure of
structure.
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 24
CODES
• contain recommended loads for given locality
• contain the ways in which loads have to be applied
• contain recommendations for fire and corrosion protection.
• For designing a structure, the loads that are expected are to
be known, to facilitate the designers, codes publish load
estimates in the following codes
1. Dead loads IS:875(Part I)
2. Live loads IS:875 (Part II/IV)
3. Wind loads IS:875 (Part III)
4. Earthquake loads IS 1893
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 25
SPECIFICATIONS
• Specifications, along with design drawings are given to the builder by
the architect or project manager.
• These specifications include the following items
• Materials that must be used in the structure.
• Sizes of the structural members.
• Joint details.
• Expected quality, tolerance and
• Instructions on how the construction work is to be done.
• Structural engineer should be involved preparing and approving
technical contents of specifications.
• The specifications and the way in which the drawings are prepared
and presented vary from organization to organization
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 26
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOADS
• The forces from various sources that act on the
structure are called as loads
• The loads on the structure may be due to the following
1. Mass and gravitational effects
Dead loads, imposed loads, snow, ice, earth loads
2. Mass and acceleration effects
Earthquakes, wind, impact, blasts
3. Environmental effects
Temperature changes, settlements, shrinkage
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 27
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOADS
IS 800:2007 classifies actions (loads) as follows:
Permanent actions
self-weight of structural, non-structural, fixed
equipment, machinery
Variable actions
actions due to wind, earthquake, live loads
Accidental actions
actions due to impact of vehicles, explosions, fire
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 28
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOADS
Following terms are used in IS 800:2007
Working load
maximum load to be supported by any structural member for which it is designed
Service load
load that a structure is expected to support under normal usage
Nominal load
estimate of actual load that a member may support
Characteristic load
characteristic value of actions which is used as the basis of all the calculations
Design load
product of characteristic load and partial safety factor
National load
horizontal forces added to the structure to account for the effects of geometric
imperfections
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 29
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOADS
For designing any element, member or a structure, the following loads and their effects should be
taken into account
Dead loads IS:875 (Part I)
Dead loads is assumed before design and is compared with actual dead loads after design, if
difference is significant dead load is revised and structure is designed
Live loads IS:875 ( Part II & IV)
Impact Load
Earth pressure
Water current load
Thermal forces
Wind loads IS:875 (Part III)
• It is not necessary to consider for low-height structures except for uplift of light roof system but
has to be considered for tall structures
• The pressure and intensity of wind at any height of a structure depends upon velocity, density of
air, shape and height of structure, topography of surrounding ground surface and angle of wind
attack. Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 30
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOADS
Environmental loads
They are basically a type of live loads
Forces due to wind, earthquake, snow, rain, temperature changes are examples of environmental
loads
Seismic loads
earthquake causes the structure to vibrate or shake in all three directions (horizontal(x & y) and
Vertical (z)) though predominant direction of shaking is horizontal.
These forces are inertial forces whereas wind loads are external loads
The magnitude of earthquake is the function of mass of the structure rather than its exposed
surface.
Snow and Rain loads
The snow loads depends on the latitude of the place, shape of the roof and roofing material and
acts vertically and may be assumed to be 2.5 N/m2 per mm depth of snow.
Rain loads may be of concern for flat roofs. If water accumulates on roof resulting in ponding and
under such loads roof deflects like a saucer, which can hold more water causing greater
deflections leading to failure. Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 31
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOADS
Erection loads
These loads are due to storage or positioning of construction material and erection
equipment and loads due to its movement
Proper provision should be made, including temporary bracing, to take care of all
stresses developed during erection
Accidental loads
These are the loads which occur due to collisions, impacts, explosions and fire
These in most cases are of short duration
These loads may cause severe consequences, if special measures are not taken, but
their probability of occurrence is small

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 32

LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
LOAD COMBINATIONS

Following are the Load combinations to be considered

• Dead load + Live load + Crane load
• Dead load + Live load + Crane load + Wind load/Earthquake load
• Dead load + Wind load/Earthquake load
• Dead load + Erection load
• Dead load + Live load + Accidental load

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 33

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Design is based on any one or more of the following criteria

• Attainment of initial yielding
• Attainment of full yielding
• Tensile strength
• Critical buckling
• Maximum deflection permitted
• Stress concentration
• Fatigue
• Brittle fracture
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 34
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

Following are the design philosophies

• Working stress method
• Ultimate load method
• Limit state method

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 35

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
Before knowing the design philosophies it is
important to study the behaviour of steel under
the action of loads
Curve OABCDEF in the fig above represents the
stress-strain curve when a mild steel specimen is
subjected to a gradually increasing tensile load
OAB – represents a straight line curve where strain
produced is proportional to stress producing it,
i.e.It obeys Hooke’s law (σ α ε).
A – represents the limit of proportionality, the
stress beyond which linear variation ceases
B – represents the elastic limit, the maximum
stress up to which a specimen regains its original
length on removal of applied load. This stress in
general is not measured and B is assumed to
coincide with A Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 36
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

C՛ – represents the upper yield point, which

depends on cross sectional shape of
specimen and the type of equipment used
for the test. This point is observed when
load is applied rapidly
C – represents the lower yield point, which
also depends on cross sectional shape of
specimen and the type of equipment used
for the test. This point is observed when
the rate of loading is low.
This point represents the yield point at which
there is a definite increase in strain without
any further increase in stress. Thus this
point C is the yield stress fy. ( fy=250N/mm2)
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 37
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
OC – is the region where material is elastic and its slope E
is the Young’s modulus. (E=2 x 105 N/mm2)
CD – represents the plastic yielding
It is the strain which occurs after the yield point, with no
increase in stress
DE –represents strain hardening and is the range where
stress produces additional strain at faster rate till the
ultimate load is reached
E – it represents the ultimate stress, the stress
corresponding to ultimate load
EF – After reaching ultimate tensile stress, a localized
reduction of cross section of specimen called necking
takes place as stress falls with rapid increase in strain
till the specimen breaks. This zone is called as necking
zone.
F – represents breaking stress, stress corresponding to
the breaking load
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 38
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
WORKING STRESS METHOD
• Also called as elastic method.
• IS: 800-1984 is based on the working stress method of design.
• Attainment of initial yielding is the design criteria for the members.
• In this method a trial section is selected and stresses (working stress) are
calculated in the section for the most complicated combination of loads. And
the stresses so calculated must be less than the permissible stresses which are
specified in the various sections of IS: 800-1984.
• These permissible stresses are some fraction of the yield stress of the material
and also may be defined as the ratio of the yield stress to the factor of safety.
• Factor of safety used are purely based on engineering judgement and is defined
as the ratio of yield stress to the maximum expected stress, when yield point is
well defined.
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 39
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
ULTIMATE LOAD METHOD
• Also called as plastic method
• IS: 800-1984 is based on the working stress method of design
• Behaviour of members beyond yield stress in the inelastic or plastic range is considered
and hence ultimate strength is the design criteria
• Steel possesses a reserve of strength beyond its yield, as is evident from the stress-strain
curve of mild steel, which engineers have tried to utilize
• This method of design is based on failure conditions (ultimate load) rather than working
load conditions
• In this method working loads are multiplied by specified factors known as load factors
(factor of safety) to obtain ultimate load, later maximum plastic moment is found and is
designed on the basis of collapse strength
• The advantage of this method is that it provides a simple analysis approach and results
in smaller sections than those designed by working stress method, thus making use of
reserve strength of steel which is left unutilized in working stress method.
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 40
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
LIMIT STATE METHOD
• IS: 800-2007 is based on the limit state method of design.
• This method considers most critical limit states of both strength and serviceability.
• This method takes account all the conditions that make the structure unfit for use, considering
actual behaviour of materials and structures.
• Here statistical methods have been used for the determination of loads and material properties
with a small probability of structure reaching limit states of strength and serviceability.
• However design cannot be completely done on the basis of probability, therefore safety is attained
by using suitable safety factors called as partial safety factors, which plays the following role
1. The design strength both for loads and material strengths are derived through the partial safety
factors.
2. The working loads are factored using PSF and factored loads are used in design load
combinations.
3. The nominal strength of the members(ultimate capacity) is determined and design strength is
computed by dividing it by appropriate PSF.
4. This PSF accounts for steel, poor workmanship and error in construction and fabrication.
Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 41
DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES
LIMIT STATE METHOD
• The ultimate stress which is obtained after applying these PSF is used as design
stress and the member designed should satisfy the following criteria
1. Design action must not exceed design strength.
2. Designed section must satisfy serviceability requirements such as limitations of
deflection and vibration.
3. Designed section should not collapse under accidental loads such as explosions,
impact or due to any human errors.

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 42

FAILURE CRITERIA OF STEEL
• The structural behaviour of material close to failure may be classified as ductile or
brittle.
• Brittle material like cast iron exhibits linear load displacement behaviour until
fracture occurs suddenly with little or no plastic deformation.
• Whereas ductile material like mild steel though exhibiting a linear load displacement
relationship up to yield undergoes large plastic deformation before fracture.
• Properties obtained from tension test will be identical to properties of real structure
only when load carrying member is subjected to uniaxial tensile stress as yielding will
not be well defined as in case of tension test. So, yielding is assumed to be achieved
when any one component of stress reaches the uniaxial value fy.
• Thus, the minimum yield strength is the design strength in IS 800, and is an
important failure criterion for steel.

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 43

Sachin patil,Asst Prof, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ballari 44