GENERAL CONCEPTS

AND HISTORICAL
ANTECEDENTS OF
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Mishaelle S. Quitos, MSc
Overview!
◦ secure connection between science and technology with society, which
began even in ancient times.
◦ based on the needs and demands of the existing society.
INTRODUCTION TO
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
What is Science?
◦ First, science is a branch of knowledge that seeks to understand and
describe natural phenomena such as thunder, seed germination, and tidal
waves.
◦ Second, ‘science’ is an intellectual activity wherein it refers to the process
of systematic and objective investigation of the natural world.
◦ Third, ‘science’ is a personal and social activity in which it makes way for
humans to have a better understanding of the world and their inner
selves, realizing that science is connected with everyone’s life and the
society.
What is Technology?

◦ ‘Technology’ can be defined as an artifact from which it refers

to products that are invented and are widely used by people.
◦ Technology can be construed as a technique.
◦ Science and Technology can be described as personal and social
activity. Technology serves as a tool to improve and facilitate
human living and social interaction with others.
 ‘’Science can be defined as an
organized way of gathering knowledge
on a subject, through various
observations and experiments.’’
‘’Technology is putting scientific
knowledge into practice.’’
‘ ’Science is very useful to
gain knowledge about a
natural phenomenon.’’
Technology can be useful or harmful!
UNCHANGEABLE!

VS

Technology
changes at a rapid
pace!
◦Science is ◦Technology is
required to necessary to
progress improve science.
technology.
ANCIENT WORLD
Stone age
◦ The use of these progresses as
the early hunters developed
skills and techniques to make
weaponry through fire.

◦ Interaction and migration of

people came to the
development and
advancement of this
technology.
 Agricultural Revolution

Foraging to agriculture

Humans started to cultivate the land to plant

different crops and domesticate animals as
sources of meat and milk products

◦ Agricultural Revolution, which

started primarily in the Middle East.
 Agricultural Revolution
Many new plants and animals were
cultivated and domesticated for
human consumption and feedstock.

Humans started to use, and metal

and ceramic products.

Copper is the first metal known and

used by man in 6500 BC. In this
period, human settlement through
towns started.
◦ Transportation was improved through the
development of wheels.
◦ Ceramics was further utilized, and
communication prospered through the
invention of writing.
◦ Also, many products made from bronze, copper,
and iron began to emerge.
◦ This preceded the rise of civilizations from
which scientific knowledge and technological
advancements further flourished through the
rise and improvement of bridges, roads, and
agricultural irrigations.
CLASSICAL
ANTIQUITY
◦ The present perception and concept
of science started in this period of
classical antiquity, which began in the
center of mediterranean sea
interlocking between Greek and
Roman civilizations. The Ionian
School of Philosophy particularly
introduced the earliest form of the
scientific method, which is based on
observation and reasoning.
Many Greek philosophers who
laid the foundation of modern-
day science arose in this
period. They are the ones who
used the basic foundation of
the scientific method initially
for the understanding of the
natural world and the
universe. The significant
philosophers of classical
antiquity were Socrates, Plato,
and Aristotle.
Socrates (470-339 BC) Plato (427-347 BC) Aristotle (384-322 BC)

-built the basic foundation of ◦ Highlighted the concept of ◦ initiated the discipline of
making a hypothesis. having “proof” in research. using the deductive
method of scientific
◦ He emphasized a clear inquiry.
Elenchus
hypothesis of ◦ established natural
understanding nature and principles as achieved
By applying this method, a believed that all through careful
specific problem or situation was substances are made up of observation, which is
broken down into a series of air, water, earth, and fire. also an essential
questions that need to be component of the
answered. scientific method.
….cont.. Classical Antiquity
The center of scientific knowledge was established in the city
of Alexandria in Egypt.

In Africa, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, one of the first important

scientific texts about ancient surgery methods, was made.
Another, the scientific discipline of chemistry through the
process of fermentation, distillation, and tanning, was also
established.

The construction of the Great Wall of China was one of

China's technological achievements at that time.
MIDDLE AGES
The progression of science and
technology turned to decrease due to
the onset of diseases, poverty, wars,
and scarcity of food resources at the
middle ages during 530 AD.

As science seemed to decline in

Europe, medicine remained and grew
due to an important need.
The deadly plague ravaged Europe.
Due to this, the
center of science
and technology
was shifted to Asia,
specifically in
China and nearby
countries.
Science and Technology in India

astronomy, medicine, and

mathematics became well-
advanced

• significance of the number 0 in

mathematics
Science and Technology in Islam

Through this civilization, new techniques, new chemicals

such as borax, and new astronomical table for the
calculation of planetary positions, eclipses, and calendrical
information was established.

In the field of medicine, new instruments and treatment

procedures were developed. However, there is a failure to
advance the area of anatomy as Islam disallow the process
body autopsy during that time.
Science and Technology was
revived
He ordered the
establishment of schools that
became centers of knowledge and
discovery.
Other advancements in
science and technology during the
middle ages include the
development of clocks and
moving objects and the utilization
of water and wind as sources of
electricity.
Later part of the Middle Ages (Age of
Discovery and Exploration)
Two of the most important
developments were ships made for
long voyages and the compass's
invention.

The progress in geography and

cartography became so famous as
human societies spread after The
Black Death in Europe.
MODERN AGE
Modern Age
The need for Europe’s revival
became more advantageous
for science and technology.
This marked the end of the
Middle Age and the start of
the Modern Age. The
beginning of the modern age
hastens technological
advancements, primarily for
defense and trade. Many
technologies were taught in
universities.
Leonardo Da Vinci
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ISAAC NEWTON
The Scientific Revolution advanced the field of
astronomy due to the invention of the telescope.
The astronomers, Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-
1573) became the center of controversy due to his
model of the heliocentric universe, which was
opposed by the church. This opposition marked the
so-called Copernican Revolution, a shift from a
geocentric view of the universe to a heliocentric
model with the Sun at the center of the Solar
System.
 The invention of the microscope
significantly advanced science during the
Renaissance period.
Through the use of microscope, many
microorganisms were identified and the
many types of diseases associated with them.
This gave rise to the formulation of
antibiotics to prevent infections and inhibit
the growth of bacteria.
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was
noted to be the leading figure of the
Scientific. He introduced experimentation
using the scientific method and led the
development of modern science, making
him the "father of the scientific method”
and the "father of modern science". He
invented many equipment and devices as
well as many mathematical explanations
to natural concepts.
 The publication of Carolus
Linnaues’ works on the biological
classification made him the “father of
taxonomy”.
 Modern Age- AKA period of Enlightenment

◦ Highlighted the importance of logical reasoning.

◦ This was a shift from the Renaissance dominated by
the teachings of the Church and the early Greek and
Roman philosophers.
◦ Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) worked on Principia,
which established the foundation of modern-day
physics. He developed theories from observations and
experiments and used the scientific method in the
understanding of the natural world.
James Watt
The invention of the
steam engine by James Watt
(1736-1819) in 1765 made
many industrial processes
possible. Because of this,
many other machines that
made things faster and more
efficient were invented and
paved the way for the
Industrial Revolution.
 Industrial Revolution's progression led to the
rapid destruction of the environment because of the
pollution caused by these industries. To obtain wood
for charcoal, many forests were destroyed. Large
industries collected many natural resources and
minerals to continue their operation. Industrial
wastes polluted rivers and other bodies of water.
Many disputes came during this period between the
science community and the society for the green
environmental movement.
 The theory of evolution
proposed by Charles Darwin
and Alfred Wallace became very
controversial and was opposed
by the church and the general
community. However, this
theory was considered and
accepted as a milestone in the
field of biology.
 The discovery of the DNA
structure in1953 by James
Watson and Francis Crick with
the aid of Rosalind Franklin
advanced the field of genetics
and molecular biology, leading
to the development of gene
therapy and genetic
engineering.
Agricultural Revolution (1940)
Development of the pesticide.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or more
commonly known as DDT. Other inventions that greatly
helped this period were hybrid seeds, organic/inorganic
fertilizers, and farm machinery equipment.

DDT was found out to destructive impacts on

biodiversity and health. Hence, many movements for the
environment emerged as society’s response.
 Digital Revolution or Information Age
The development of the internet,
computers, softwares, and other digital
technologies marked the beginning ‘Digital
Revolution’ or ‘Information Age’.

These technologies also paved way for

crowdsourcing, cyber warfare, e-commerce,
and distance learning. The digital revolution
has greatly affected the public. Nowadays,
many people became addicted to using
electronic games and social media.
HISTORY OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Reminders:

◦ Please read Science and Technology in the Philippines (last page

of Module Unit 1)
◦ Visit our google classroom and answer the following:
◦ Assessment Learning
◦ Activity 3

-Ma’am Quitos
THANK YOU VERY
MUCH!
Love your self!