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The document introduces integration and how it can be used to find areas, volumes, and other quantities. It explains how integration calculates the area under a curve by dividing it into infinitely thin slices and adding them up. It provides an example of finding the integral of 2x and introduces the constant of integration C. It also outlines some basic integration rules.

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21 views20 pages

Lesson

The document introduces integration and how it can be used to find areas, volumes, and other quantities. It explains how integration calculates the area under a curve by dividing it into infinitely thin slices and adding them up. It provides an example of finding the integral of 2x and introduces the constant of integration C. It also outlines some basic integration rules.

Uploaded by

abibanabil36
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson one

Integration
Introduction to Integration
Integration is a way of adding slices to find the
whole.
Integration can be used to find areas, volumes,
central points and many useful things. But it is
easiest to start with finding the area between a
function and the X-axis .
What is the area ?
We could calculate the function at a few points
and add up slices of width ΔX like this
(but the answer won't be very accurate)
We can make ΔX a lot smaller and add up many
small slices (answer is getting better)
And as the slices approach zero in width, the answer
approaches the true answer.
We now write dx to mean the ΔX slices are
approaching zero in width.
That is a lot of adding up!
But we don't have to add them up, as there is a
"shortcut", because finding an Integral is
the reverse of finding a Derivative.
Like here:
Example : 2X
Notation :
The symbol for "Integral" is a stylish "S“
(for "Sum", the idea of summing slices)
After the Integral Symbol we put the function we
want to find the integral of (called the Integrand),
and then finish with dx to mean the slices go in the x
direction (and approach zero in width).
And here is how we write the answer:
Plus C
We wrote the answer as x2 but why + C ?
It is the "Constant of Integration". It is there because
of all the functions whose derivative is 2X:
• The derivative of x2 is2x
• And the derivative of x2+4 is also 2x
• And the derivative of x2+99 is also 2x
• And so on!
Because the derivative of a constant is zero
So when we reverse the operation
(to find the integral) we only know 2x, but there
could have been a constant of any value.
So we wrap up the idea by just writing + C at the
end.
Integration Rules
Integration Rules
(1) = ax + c (a is a constant)
(2) = c
For example:
 = 3x +c
 = -5x +c
 = x +c
 =c
 = x+c
Try to solve
(1) = …....
(2) = …...
(3) = …....
(4) = …....
(5) = …….
(6) = …….
(3) dx = + c (x is a variable )
•For example:
 = +c = +c

 dx = + c = + c
 dx = + c = + c = + c
 dx = + c = + c = + c
Try to solve
(1) dx= …….
(2) dx= ……
(3) dx = …….
(4) dx = …….
(5) dx = …….
(6)dx =…...
(4) dx = a dx = a + c
(a is a constant and azero)
•For example:
 dx = 9 dx
=9+c= +c
 dx = 6 dx
= 6 + c = + c= 2 + c
 dx = dx
= +c= +c
Try to solve
(A) dx =…...
(B) dx =…...
(C) dx =…...
(D) dx=…...
Home work
Complete the following:
(1) dx = …….
(2) dx =…...
(3) dx =…...
(4) dx =…...
(5) dx =…...
(6) dx =…...
(7) dx =…...
(8) dx =…...
Complete the following:
(9) dx =…
(10) dx =….
(11) dx =….
(12) = …
(13) dx =….
(14) x dx =…
(15) dx = ….

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