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Chapter 4 PHP

The document discusses server-side scripting using PHP. It introduces PHP, its basic syntax and features including variables, data types, output statements, comments, and constants. Key elements are that PHP is a scripting language embedded in HTML code to create dynamic web pages and is executed on the server.

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Firomsa Dine
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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13 views73 pages

Chapter 4 PHP

The document discusses server-side scripting using PHP. It introduces PHP, its basic syntax and features including variables, data types, output statements, comments, and constants. Key elements are that PHP is a scripting language embedded in HTML code to create dynamic web pages and is executed on the server.

Uploaded by

Firomsa Dine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 73

Chapter Four

Server-Side Scripting using PHP

Introduction to PHP
(Hypertext Preprocessor)
1 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
What is PHP?
 PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP is a powerful server-side scripting language for
creating dynamic and interactive websites.
 PHP is perfectly appropriate for Web development
and can be embedded directly into the HTML
code.
 The PHP syntax is very similar to C.
 PHP is often used together with Apache (web
server) on various operating systems.
 A PHP file may contain text, HTML tags and scripts.
2 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
PHP cont.…
Scripts in a PHP file are executed on the server.
PHP files are returned to the browser as plain
HTML
PHP files have a file extension of ".php",
".php3", or ".phtml“
PHP is whitespace insensitive:
That means it almost never matters how many
whitespace characters you have in a row
including tabs and carriage returns (end-of-line
characters).
PHP is case sensitive:
3 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Cont.….
 PHP supports many databases (MySQL, Informix,
Oracle, Sybase, Solid, PostgreSQL, Generic ODBC,
etc.).
 PHP is an open source software (OSS).
 PHP is free to download and use.
 PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux,
Unix, etc.).
 PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today
(Apache, IIS, etc.).
 PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server
side.

4 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Basic PHP Syntax
 A PHP scripting block always starts with
 <?php and ends with ?>.
 A PHP scripting block can be placed anywhere in the document.
 On servers with shorthand support enabled you can start a
scripting block with
 <? and end with ?>.
 However, for maximum compatibility, we recommend that you
use the standard form (<?php) rather than the shorthand form.
<?php
//code here;
?>
 Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon.

5 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Output Statement
 There are two basic statements to output text with PHP: echo and
print.
 Format
 echo output1, output2, output3, output4,….;
 echo (output);
 Format
 print output;
 print (output);
 Unlike echo print can accept only one argument.
 It is possible to embed html tags into echo and print statement.
 For example:- we have used the echo statement to output the text
"Hello World".
<?php
echo "Hello <br> World";
Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
6
?>
Comments in PHP
 There are two commenting formats in PHP:
 Single-line comments:
 In PHP, we use // to make a single-line comment
 Multi-lines comments:
 We use /* and */ to make a multiple line comment block.
<html>
<body>
<?php
//This is a single-line comment
/*
This is
A multiple line comment
block
*/
?>
7 </body>
Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
</html>
PHP Variables
 Variables are used for storing values, such as numbers,
strings or function results.
 When a variable is set it can be used many times in a script.
 All variables in PHP start with a $ sign symbol.
 The correct way of setting a variable in PHP:
 $var_name = value;
 $txt = "Hello World!";
 In PHP a variable does not need to be declared before being
set.
 In PHP the variable is declared automatically when you use
it.
 There is no size limit for variables name.

8 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


PHP Variables…
 A variable does not know in advance whether it will be
used to store a number or a string of characters.
 PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct
data type, depending on their value.
 A variable name must start with a letter or an
underscore.
 A variable name can consist of numbers, letters,
underscores but you cannot use characters like + , - , % , (
, ) . & , etc
 A variable name should not contain spaces.
 If a variable name is more than one word, it should be separated
with underscore ($my_string), or with capitalization
($myString)
9 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
PHP Data Types
 PHP has a total of eight data types which we use to construct our
variables:
 Integers: are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.
 Doubles: are floating-point numbers, like 3.14159 or 49.1.
 Booleans: have only two possible values either true or false.
 NULL: is a special type that only has one value: NULL.
 Strings: are sequences of characters, like ‘Text string'
 Arrays: indexed collections of values.
 Objects: are instances of programmer-defined classes, which can
package up both other kinds of values and functions that are specific
to the class.
 Resources: are special variables that hold references to resources
external to PHP (such as database connections).
10 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Integers Data Type
 They are whole numbers, without a decimal point, like 4195.
 They correspond to simple whole numbers, both positive and
negative.
 Integers can be assigned to variables, or they can be used in
expressions. For example
 $int_var = 12345;
 $another_int = -12345 + 12345;
 Integer can be in decimal (base 10), octal (base 8), and
hexadecimal (base 16) format.
 Decimal format is the default
 Octal integers are specified with a leading 0
 Hexadecimals have a leading 0x.
 For most common platforms, the largest integer is 2,147,483,647
and the smallest (most negative) integer is 2,147,483,647.
11 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
NULL Data Type
 NULL is a special type that only has one value:
NULL.
 To give a variable the NULL value, simply assign it
like as follow:
$my_var = NULL;
 The special constant NULL is capitalized by
convention, but actually it is case insensitive;
you could just as well have typed: $my_var = null;
 A variable that has been assigned NULL has the
following properties:
It evaluates to FALSE in a Boolean context.
12  It returns
Prepared by: Melkamu FALSE
D. when tested with IsSet() 05/08/2024
Strings Data type
 Strings: are sequences of characters, like ‘Text string‘
 Singly quoted strings are treated as plain text
 Strings that are delimited by double quotes are preprocessed
in two ways by PHP:
1) Certain character sequences beginning with backslash (\)
are replaced with special characters.
 The escape-sequence replacements are:
 \n is replaced by the newline character.
 \t is replaced by the tab character.
 \$ is replaced by the dollar sign itself ($).
 \" is replaced by a single double-quote (").
 \\ is replaced by a single backslash (\).
 \r is replaced by the carriage-return character(end line).
13 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Strings Data type
2) Variable names (starting with $) are replaced with
string representations of their values.
<?
$variable = "name";
$literally = 'My $variable will not print!';
print($literally);
$literally = "My $variable will print!\n";
print($literally);
?>
 This will produce following result:
 My name will not print!
 My name will print!

 There are no limits on string length.


14 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
PHP Constants
A constant is a name or an identifier for a simple
value.
A constant value cannot change during the
execution of the script.
By default a constant name is case-sensitive.
By convention, constant identifiers are always
uppercase.
A constant name starts with a letter or underscore
(can be a combination of letters, numbers, or
underscores.)
 If Prepared
youby:have defined a constant, it can never05/08/2024
Melkamu D.
be
15
changed or undefined.
PHP Constants
 To define a constant you have to use define() function
 There is no need to write a dollar sign ($) before a
constant.
 To retrieve the value of a constant, you can simply
specifying its name.
 You can also use the function constant() to read a
constant's value.
 Constant example:
<?php
define("MINSIZE", 50);
echo MINSIZE;
echo constant("MINSIZE"); // same thing as the previous line
?>
16 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
PHP Operator Types
What is Operator?
For example in the expression 4 + 5 = 9.
Here 4 and 5 are called operands and + is called
operator.
PHP language supports following type of
operators:
Arithmetic Operators
Comparision Operators
Logical (or Relational) Operators
Assignment Operators
Conditional (or ternary) Operators
17 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Description Example A=10, B=20

+ Adds two operands A + B will give 30

- Subtracts second operand from the first A - B will give -10

* Multiply both operands A * B will give 200

/ Divide numerator by denumenator B / A will give 2

% Modulus Operator and return remainder of an B % A will give 0


integer division

++ Increment operator, increases integer value by one A++ will give 11

-- Decrement operator, decreases integer value by one A-- will give 9

18 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Comparison Operators
Operator Description Example A=10, B=20

== Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A == B) is not true.
yes then condition becomes true.

!= Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if (A != B) is true.


values are not equal then condition becomes true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the (A > B) is not true.
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value (A < B) is true.
of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or (A >= B) is not true.
equal to the value of right operand, if yes then condition
becomes true.
<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to (A <= B) is true.
the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes
true.
19 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Logical Operators
Operator Description Example x=6, y=3

Called Logical AND operator. If both the (x < 10 && y > 1)


&& operands are true then then condition becomes returns true
true.

Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two (x==5 || y==5)


|| operands are True then then condition becomes returns false
true.

Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses !(x==y) returns true


! the logical state of its operand. If a condition is
true then Logical NOT operator will make
false.

20 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Assignment Operators
Operator Description Example
= Assigns values from right side operands to left C=A+B
side operand
+= It adds right operand to the left operand and C += A is equivalent to C= C + A
assign the result to left operand

-= It subtracts right operand from the left operand C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A


and assign the result to left operand

*= It multiplies right operand with the left operand C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A


and assign the result to left operand

/= It divides left operand with the right operand and C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A


assign the result to left operand

%= It takes modulus division of two operands and C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A


assign the result to left operand

21 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Conditional Operator
 This first evaluates an expression for a true or false value and
then execute one of the two given statements depending upon
the result of the evaluation.

Operator Description Example

?: Conditional Expression If Condition is true ? Then


value X : Otherwise value Y

22 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Precedence of PHP Operators
 Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression.
 This affects how an expression is evaluated.
 Here operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those
with the lowest appear at the bottom.
 Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.

Category Operator Associatively


Unary ! ++ -- Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == != Left to right
Logical AND && Left to right
Logical OR || Left to right
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /=

23 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


PHP Decision Making
 You can use conditional statements in your code to
make your decisions based on the different
condition.
 PHP supports following three decision making
statements:
if...else statement - use this statement if you want
to execute a set of code when a condition is true
and another if the condition is false.
if ….else if…else statement - is used with the
if...else statement to execute a set of code if one of
several condition are true.
24
switch statement
Prepared by: Melkamu D. - is used if you want to select
05/08/2024
The If...Else Statement
If you want to execute some code if a condition
is true and another code if a condition is false,
use the if...else statement.
Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;

25 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
</html>
26 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
The If...Else Statement…
 If more than one line should be executed if a condition is
true/false, the lines should be enclosed within curly
braces:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
{
echo "Hello!<br />";
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
echo "See you on Monday!";
}
?>
27 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
</body> </html>
The Else If Statement
 If you want to execute some code if one of several
conditions are true use the else if statement.
 Syntax
if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else if (condition)
code to be executed if condition is true;
else
code to be executed if condition is false;

28 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Example:
 The following example will output "Have a nice weekend!" if the
current day is Friday, and "Have a nice Sunday!" if the current day
is Sunday. Otherwise it will output "Have a nice day!":
<html>
<body>
<?php
$d=date("D");
if ($d=="Fri")
echo "Have a nice weekend!";
else if ($d=="Sun")
echo "Have a nice Sunday!";
else
echo "Have a nice day!";
?>
</body>
29 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
</html>
The Switch Statement
 If you want to select one of many blocks of code to be
executed, use the Switch statement.
 Syntax
switch (expression)
{
case label1:
code to be executed if expression = label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if expression = label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed by defoult;
}
30 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Example:
<html> case "Fri":
<body> echo "Today is Friday"; break;
<?php case "Sat":
$d=date("D"); echo "Today is Saturday"; break;
switch ($d) case "Sun":
{ echo "Today is Sunday"; break;
case "Mon": default:
echo "Today is Monday"; break; echo "Wonder which day is this ?";
case "Tue": }
echo "Today is Tuesday"; break; ?>
case "Wed": </body>
echo "Today is Wednesday"; break; </html>
case "Thu":
echo "Today is Thursday"; break;
31 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
PHP Loop Types
 Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code
a specified number of times.
 PHP supports following four loop types:
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of
times.
 while - loops through a block of code as long as a specified
condition is true.
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then
repeats the loop as long as a specified condition is true.
 for each - loops through a block of code for each element in
an array.
 We will discuss about continue and break keywords used
to control the loops execution.
32 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
The for loop statement
The for statement is used when you know how
many times you want to execute a statement or a
block of statements.
Syntax
for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
code to be executed;
}

33 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Example:
 The following example makes five iterations and changes the
assigned value of two variables on each pass of the loop:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$a = 0;
$b = 0;
for( $i=0; $i<5; $i++ )
{
$a += 10;
$b += 5;
}
echo ("At the end of the loop a=$a and b=$b" );
?>
</body>
</html>
Thisby:
Prepared will produce
Melkamu D. following result: At the end of the loop a=50 and b=25
05/08/2024
34
The while loop statement
 The while statement will execute a block of code if and
as long as a test condition is true.
 If the test condition is true then the code block will be
executed.
 the loop will continue until the test condition is found to
be false.
 Syntax
while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}

35 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Example:
 This example decrements a variable value on each iteration of
the loop and the counter increments until it reaches 10 when
the evaluation is false and the loop ends.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 50;
while( $i < 10)
{
$num--;
$i++;
}
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i and num = $num" );
?>
36 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
</body> </html>
The do...while loop statement
The do...while statement will execute a block of
code at least once - then it will repeat the loop as
long as a condition is true.
Syntax
do
{
code to be executed;
}
while (condition);

37 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024


Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 0;
do
{
$i++;
}
while( $i < 10 );
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" );
?>
</body>
38 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
</html>
The foreach loop statement
The foreach statement is used to loop through
arrays.
For each pass the value of the current array
element is assigned to $value and the array
pointer is moved by one and in the next pass next
element will be processed.
Syntax
foreach (array as value)
{
code to be executed;
}
39 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Example
<html>
<body>
<?php
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
foreach( $array as $value )
{
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
40 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
</html>
The break statement
The PHP break keyword is used to terminate the
execution of a loop prematurely.

The break statement is placed inside the loop


statement block.

Whenever you want to exit from the loop you can


come out using a break statement.
After coming out of a loop immediate statement to
the loop will be executed.
41 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Example:
 In the following example condition test becomes true when the counter
value reaches 3 and loop terminates.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$i = 0;
while( $i < 10)
{
$i++;
if( $i == 3 )
break;
}
echo (“Value of i = $i" );
?>
</body>
42 </html>
Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
This will produce following result: Loop stopped at i = 3
The continue statement
The PHP continue keyword is used to halt the
current iteration of a loop but it does not terminate
the loop.

Just like the break statement the continue


statement is placed inside the loop statement
block, preceded by a conditional test.

For the pass encountering continue statement, the


rest of the loop code is skipped and next pass
43
starts.
Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Example:
 In the following example loop prints the value of array but for
which condition becomes true it just skip the code and next
value is printed.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$array = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); This will produce following
for each( $array as $value ) result Value is 1
Value is 2
{ Value is 4
if( $value == 3 ) Value is 5
continue;
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body> </html>
44 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
PHP Arrays
 An array is a data structure that stores one or more
similar types of values in a single variable.
 For example, if you want to store 100 numbers then
instead of defining 100 variables it’s easy to define an
array of 100 lengths.
 There are three different kinds of arrays and each array
value is accessed using an array index.
 Numeric array:- An array with a numeric index.
 Associative array:- An array with strings as an index.
 Multidimensional array:- An array containing one or
more arrays and values is accessed using multiple indices.

45
Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Numeric Array
 These arrays can store numbers, strings and any object but their
index will be represented by numbers.
 By default array index starts from zero.
 Use array() function to create array.
 Example: showing how to create and access numeric arrays.
<html>
<body>
<?php This will produce following
result: Value is 1
/* First method to create array. */
Value is 2
$numbers = array( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5); Value is 3
foreach( $numbers as $value ) Value is 4
{ Value is 5
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body>
46 Prepared
</html> by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Numeric Array…
 The second method is to create an array.
<html>
<body>
<?php
$numbers[0] = "one";
$numbers[1] = "two"; This will produce following
$numbers[2] = "three"; result: Value is one
Value is two
$numbers[3] = "four"; Value is three
$numbers[4] = "five"; Value is four
foreach( $numbers as $value ) Value is five
{
echo "Value is $value <br />";
}
?>
</body> </html>
47 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Associative Arrays
The associative arrays are very similar to numeric
arrays in terms of functionality but they are
different in terms of their index.
An associative array will have its index as a
string so that you can establish an association
between keys and values.
For example, store the salaries of employees in an
array, you can use the employees’ name as the keys and
the value would be their respective salary.
NOTE: Don't keep an associative array inside the double quote
while printing otherwise it will not return any value.
48 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php
/* First method to create associate array. */
$salaries = array(
"mola" => 2000, Output
Salary of mola is 2000
“kindu" => 1000, Salary of kindu is 1000
"zeritu" => 500 Salary of zeritu is 500

);
echo "Salary of mola is ". $salaries['mola'] . "<br />";
echo "Salary of kindu is ". $salaries[‘kindu']. "<br />";
echo "Salary of zeritu is ". $salaries['zeritu']. "<br />";
?> </body> </html>
49 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Second method to create an associative array

<html>
<body> Output
Salary of mola is high
<?php Salary of kindu is medium
$salaries['mola'] = "high"; Salary of zeritu is low

$salaries[‘kindu'] = "medium";
$salaries['zeritu'] = "low";
echo "Salary of mola is ". $salaries['mola'] .
"<br />";
echo "Salary of kindu is ". $salaries[‘kindu']. "<br />";
echo "Salary of zeritu is ". $salaries['zeritu']. "<br />";
?>
</body>
</html>
50 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Multidimensional Arrays
 In multi-dimensional array each element in the main
array can also be an array.
 And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so
on.
 Values in the multi-dimensional array are accessed using
multiple index.
 Example
 In this example we create a two dimensional array to
store marks of three students in three subjects:
 This example is an associative array, you can create
numeric array in the same fashion.
51 Prepared by: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024
Example:
<html> )
<body> );
<?php /* Accessing multi-dimensional array
$marks = array( values */
“Abe" => array ( echo "Marks for Abe in physics : " ;
"physics" => 35, echo $marks[‘Abe']['physics'] .
"maths" => 30, "<br />";
"chemistry" => 39 echo "Marks for kasu in maths : ";
), echo $marks[‘kasu']['maths'] .
“kasu" => array ( "<br />";
"physics" => 30, echo "Marks for zena in chemistry : "
"maths" => 32, ;
"chemistry" => 29 echo $marks['zena']['chemistry'] .
), "<br />";
"zena" => array ( ?>
"physics" => 31, </body>
"maths" => 22, </html>

52 "chemistry" => 39
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String Operation
String Concatenation Operator
 To concatenate two string variables together, use the
dot (.) operator:
<?php
$string1="Hello World";
$string2="1234";
echo $string1 . " " . $string2;
?>
 This will produce following result:
Hello World 1234

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Using the strlen() function
The strlen() function is used to find the length of a
string.
Let's find the length of our string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!");
?>
 This will produce following result: 12
The length of a string is often used in loops or
other functions, when it is important to know
when the string
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ends.
54 05/08/2024
Using the strpos() function
 The strpos() function is used to search for a string or
character within a string.
 If a match is found in the string, this function will return the
position of the first match.
 If no match is found, it will return FALSE.
 For example lets find the string "world" in Hello world string:
<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!","world");
?>
 This will produce following result: 6
 As you see the position of the string "world" in our string is
position 6.
 The reason that it is 6, and not 7, is that the first position in the

55
string is 0, and not 1.
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PHP Functions
 A function is a block of code that can be executed whenever
we need it.
 Creating PHP functions:
 All functions start with the word "function()“.
 Name the function - It should be possible to understand what
the function does by its name.
The name can start with a letter or underscore (not a
number).
 Add a()"{" The function code starts after the opening curly
brace.
 Insert the function code
 Add a() "}" The function is finished by a closing curly brace.
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Function Example
<html>
<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
/* Defining a PHP Function */
function writeMessage()
{
echo "You are really a nice person, Have a nice time!";
}
/* Calling a PHP Function */
writeMessage();
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</body> </html>
Function Example…
 A simple function that writes a name when it is called:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName()
{
echo “Melkamu D.";
}
writeMyName();
?>
</body>
</html>

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PHP Functions with Parameters:
 PHP gives you option to pass your parameters inside a
function.
 You can pass any number of parameters your like.
 These parameters work like variables inside your function.
 Following example takes two integer parameters and add
them together and then print them.
<?php
function addFunction($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";
}
addFunction(10, 20);
?>
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Example:
<html>
<body>
<?php
function writeMyName($fname)
{
$name=$fname;
echo "My name is: $name";
}
writeMyName(“Abebe");
?>
</body>
</html>
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PHP Functions - Return values
 A function can return a value using the return statement in
conjunction with a value or object .
 Return stops the execution of the function and sends the value back
to the calling code.
 Example
<html>
<body> The output of the code will
<?php be:
1 + 16 = 17
function add($x,$y)
{
$total = $x + $y;
return $total;
}
echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16)
?>
61
</body></html>
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Passing Arguments by Reference
It is possible to pass arguments to functions by
reference.
This means that a reference to the variable is
manipulated by the function rather than a copy of
the variable's value.
Any changes made to an argument in these cases
will change the value of the original variable.
You can pass an argument by reference by adding
an ampersand to the variable name in either the
function call or the function definition.
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Example:
<html> addFive( &$orignum );
<head> echo "Original Value is $orignum<br
<title>Passing Argument by />";
Reference</title> addSix( $orignum );
</head> echo "Original Value is
<body> $orignum<br />";
<?php ?>
function addFive($num) </body>
{ </html>
$num += 5;
}
function addSix(&$num) Output
{ Original Value is 15
$num += 6; Original Value is 21
}
63$orignum = by:
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Setting Default Values for Function Parameters:
 You can set a parameter to have a default value if the function's caller
doesn't pass it.
 Following function prints “no test “ in case the we does not pass any
value to this function.
<html>
<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function which returns value</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php Output
This is test
function printMe($param = “No test”)
No test
{
print $param;
}
printMe("This is test");
printMe();
?>
64
</body> </html>
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PHP Forms and User Input
 The PHP $_GET and $_POST variables are used to retrieve
information from forms, like user input.
 The most important thing to notice when dealing with HTML
forms and PHP is that any form element in HTML page will
automatically be available to your PHP scripts.
 For example:
<html>
<body>
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Name:<input type="text" name="name" />
Age:<input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
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</body></html>
PHP Forms and User Input…
 The example HTML page above contains two input fields and
a submit button.
 When the user fills in this form and click on the submit
button, the form data is sent to the "welcome.php" file.
 The "welcome.php" file looks like this:
<html>
<body>
Welcome <?php echo $_POST["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_POST["age"]; ?> years old.
</body></html>
Welcome John.
You are 30 years
old.

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PHP $_GET
 The $_GET variable is used to collect values from a form
with method="get".
 The $_GET variable is an array of variable names and
values are sent by the HTTP GET method.
Example:
<form action="welcome.php" method="get">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

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PHP $_GET…
When the user clicks the "Submit" button,
the URL sent could look something like this:
localhost/welcome.php?name=Melkamu&age=30
The "welcome.php" file can now use the $_GET
variable to catch the form data
Note that the names of the form fields will
automatically be the ID keys in the $_GET array:
Welcome <?php echo $_GET["name"]; ?>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_GET["age"]; ?> years old!

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Why use $_GET?
Information sent from a form with the GET
method is visible to everyone (it will be
displayed in the browser's address bar)
So this method should not be used when
sending passwords or other sensitive
information!
Get method has limits on the amount of
information to send
The value cannot exceed100 characters.
So it is not suitable on large variable values.
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PHP $_POST
The $_POST variable is used to collect values from
a form with method="post".

The $_POST variable is an array of variable names


and values are sent by the HTTP POST method.

Information sent from a form with the POST


method is invisible to others and has no limits on
the amount of information to send.

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Example:
<form action="welcome.php" method="post">
Enter your name: <input type="text" name="name" />
Enter your age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>

 When the user clicks the "Submit" button, the URL will
not contain any form data, and will look something like
this:
localhost/welcome.php

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The $_REQUEST Variable
The PHP $_REQUEST variable contains the
contents of both $_GET and $_POST variables.
The PHP $_REQUEST variable can be used to get
the result from form data sent with both the GET
and POST methods.
Example:
Welcome <?php echo $_REQUEST["name"]; ?
>.<br />
You are <?php echo $_REQUEST["age"]; ?>
years old!
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End of Chapter Four
Questions

! !!
OU
Y
N K
A
TH

73 Compiled By: Melkamu D. 05/08/2024

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