SCADA

.
Supervisory
Control
And
Data
Acquisition

Presentation by
Najafov Vedat
• The term SCADA refers to a large-
scale, distributed measurement and
conrol system. It is usually a central
system that monitors and controls a
complete site.
• SCADA system comprises of
software package interfaced with
the hardware.
 SCADA SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• Central Control Room with Host

Computers/workstations/Task
servers.
• Transducer Panel
• Multiple Remote Terminal Units
(RTUs) or Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLC)
• Communication Infrastructure
 SCADA

• SCADA system contains all

functions of data acquisition, data
processing, data storage and
retrieval, data output / display and
supervision.
 Applications
• Electricity Generation
• Power Transmission and
Distribution
• Chemical Industries
• Steel Industries
• Gas Pipelines
• Railways
 SCADA for Power System
Control
• SCADA is a powerful tool for the Load
Dispatchers to monitor the power
system parameters in real time mode
thereby maintaining the security and
stability of power system.
• Data is acquired from various power
stations/ EHV sub-stations, processed
in real time mode and displayed for
Load Dispatchers in various formats /
single line diagrams.
 SCADA----IMPORTANCE
• The main task of the load
dispatcher is to ensure quality
and reliable power at an
economical rate. To fulfill this
commitment, LD must have upto
date and reliable information of
power stations and important EHV
sub-stations under control.
 Why SCADA System is
needed?
• Now a days with the increasing capacity of
the integrated power system day by day, the
complexity has also increased and controlling
and monitoring of the power system has
become a cumbersome task due to dynamic
variations of system parameters such as
active power, reactive power, voltage,
frequency etc. which needs close monitoring.
• SCADA is the powerful tool to monitor the
system parameters in real time mode and
give readymade solutions to LDs for taking
corrective measures to maintain stability/
security.
 Remote Tele-Metering Units
(RTUs)
• In M.S.E.T.C.L. Siemens make RTUs are
installed at power stations and important sub-
stations to acquire the data. These RTUS are
differentiated as per protocols. The RTUs
which functions on Siemens standard
protocol are called as SINAUTs and the
RTUs which functions on IEC ( International
Electro-technical Commission) protocol is
called as SICAM. SINAUT means System
Network AUTomation and SICAM means
Sub-station Integration Control Automation
Monitoring.
RTU
Major Applications of SCADA for Power
System Management

• EMS Applications
• Expert Systems
• Substation Automation
& Controls
• Distribution Automation
• Outage Management
 EMS Applications
• SCADA is a prerequisite for EMS
(Energy Management System) which
offers several powerful functions to
ease the power system operations, to
raise the system security and to
facilitate the personal training. All
these functions serve to reach the
most efficient operations as quick as
possible.
• SCADA system can be extended by
following EMS servers
– Network Analysis (NA)
– Generation Control & Scheduling (GCS)
– Dispatcher Training Simulator (DTS) &
Power System Simulator (PSS)
 Network Analysis (NA) Server
• Network analysis functions such as
State estimator, on-line load flow
calculation, on-line short circuit
calculation, contingency evaluation
etc. forms an integral part of the
network control system in many power
utilities.
• Proven to be useful aids in operational
management of network enabling the
timely detection of work points in the
network and as decision making aids in
difficult situations.
 Functions of NA Server
LAN

Basic functions
NA Sequence control NA operation/display routines

External Network
Case Bus State
Network Status
Management scheduler estimator
modeling processor

On-line Penalty factor On-line Contingency

Load flow calculation Short-circuit evaluation

Optimal power flow

Emergency Active power Active power
Voltage/Var Voltage/Var
Constrained Remedial Remedial
scheduling dispatch
dispatch action action
 GCS Server
• The purpose of Generation Control &
Scheduling (GCS) server is
– Frequency maintenance & observations of
contracts by optimized generation dispatch
– Minimization of generation costs
– Calculation of demand
– Observation of generation costs in
comparison with optimized costs
– Definition & control of interchange contracts
– Wheeling loss calculation
 GCS Server
Unit commitment Water worth Interchange Short term
Hydro unit calculation Value Transaction Load
Hydro thermal coordination calculation Evaluation forecasting

Schedule Management System

Historical Data Management

Man Machine Interface

Interchange
Reserve Economic Production Interchange
Transaction
Monitor Dispatch costing scheduling
Evaluation

Automatic AGC
Energy
Generation Performance
Accounting
Control Monitor

Data Acquisition & Control

 Sub-station Automation &
Integration
• Sub-station automation is rapidly
increasing area of interest and benefit to
Power utilities.
• Sub-station automation goes beyond
traditional SCADA to provide added
capability and information that can further
improve operations and maintenance,
increase system & staff efficiency.
 Sub-station Automation &
Integration
• Applications and data of interest may include remote
access to IED/relay configuration ports, waveform, event
data, diagnostic information, video for security or
equipment status assessment, metering, switching,
volt/VAR management, and others.
• Newer microprocessor based relays and other intelligent
devices have interfaces such as DNP 3.0 over
TCP/IP/Ethernet. Additionally, more utilities are gaining
access to fiber optic based communication and /or IP
Wireless communication at sub-stations which can
greatly enhance sub-station automation possibilities and
benefits.
 Expert System
• Objectives :The expert system base provides
knowledge base for storing and maintaining all
relevant network data, communicates with a
SCADA system and controls all expert system
applications.
• System :The basic Expert system consists of a
knowledge base, an event manager module and
a set of SCADA interface functions.
 Expert System
• While the SCADA / EMS system provides basic
tools for efficient network operations, an expert
system can further expand the efficiency and
safety of operations.
• Applications of Expert System
– A disturbance analysis system identifies & locates
network faults.
– A remedial action system isolates faults, restores
unsupplied stations or removes overloads.
– Voltage control stability.
 Expert System
The functional features for Expert System covers all state of
the art functionality for following packages
1) Intelligent Alarm Processor (IAP)
2) Power System Restoration (PSR)

The Expert System operates in a real time environment

and covers on line processing of real time data and IAP as
well as automatic creation and update of knowledge base.
The PSR is a model based hybrid expert system combining
rules and algorithm. PSR supports the load dispatcher
sufficiently in case of emergency.
 Expert System
Intelligent Alarm Processor (IAP) : This on line tool produces
automatically a diagnosis when a fault event occurs in the Energy
Network. Typically a fault event creates an alarm inrush and the system
operator would have to look up at up to hundreds of alarm messages.
Therefore IAP provides information about the fault location in case of
network disturbance. It informs to operator the nature and the
consequences of the disturbance quickly and exactly.

Input : The input data for IAP that comes from the SCADA for correct
output (diagnosis )is :
– The topology of the network
– The alarms from the automatism
– Logical working schema of the automatism.
Output (Diagnosis) :
– The date & the time of disturbance
– The faulty equipment (transformer, line, bus bars)
– The protection system which clears the fault.
– Additional information (e.g. breaker failure, automatic recloser successful /
unsuccessful etc. )
The report list shall be invoked on the Basic Signaling Display.
 Expert System

2) Power System Restoration (PSR) : This on-line tool, considering

all the situations occurring during a power system partial or
complete break down, presents restoration plan in all possible
scenario. It generates the switching sequence automatically and
delivers instructions in form of advices for the emergency
situation and therefore :
– Avoid critical situations
– Assures safe network operation
– Avoid stress
– Gives complete assistance when unexpected critical event
occurs
– Shortens the consumer outage time.
 Expert System
• The PSR shall run in the following phases :
– Fault isolation
– Situation identification
– Identification of Islands
– Energizing of islands
– Connecting of islands
– Pick up of load according to energizing of underlying networks
– Further meshing and connecting further power stations.
• The PSR have two different points of view
– Static Model described by the load flow calculation
– Dynamic model described by special formula sets or models.
 Expert System
User Interface:
The output results of the PSR are mainly
instructions for power system restoration
and can be displayed in reports and
switching jobs having following contents :
– Comments
– Advices
– Switching commands
 Expert System

• Advantages
– The expert knowledge is made available for any time
use.
– The cognitive load on operator can be reduced by
focusing his attention to compacted relevant network
information.
– Faster response to network event reduces the risk of
additional damages & the duration of outages.
– The potential of human errors is minimized.
– Some critical situations can be avoided at all.
• Thus it can be very well seen that integration of
real time Expert System in SCADA could have
possibly averted such and similar types of partial
/ complete blackouts by advising load
dispatcher through set of instructions / switching
sequences, technical support etc under such
emergency condition, and avoiding total load
throw off to the tune of 1200 MW, a huge
revenue loss to the company, law & order
problems & as well as embarrassment to the
company.
 Conclusion

. It is emphasized that SLDC institution, which is

apex body for the grid operation in the state in
coordination with RLDC, has an important and
increasing role in operating the State Grid in an
economic, reliable and secure manner and
maintain coordination with the RLDC and all users
of the grid within the State . To take correct
decisions from Real Time System up-dation
SCADA-EMS is necessary
Thank You…