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Lecture 1 Internet

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20 views19 pages

Lecture 1 Internet

Uploaded by

Zepox
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Web

Programming
Lecture 1: Introduction to the Internet and Web
Internet

It is the largest network in the world that connects


hundreds of thousands of individual networks all
over the world.
The popular term for the Internet is the “information
highway”.
Rather than moving through geographical space, it
moves your ideas and information through
cyberspace – the space of electronic movement of
ideas and information.
The uses of the Internet
Send e-mail messages.
Send (upload) or receive (down load) files between computers.
Participate in discussion groups, such as mailing lists and newsgroups.
Surfing the web.
What is Web?

The Web (World Wide Web) consists of information


organized into Web pages containing text and graphic
images.
It contains hypertext links, or highlighted keywords and
images that lead to related information.
A collection of linked Web pages that has a common
theme or focus is called a Web site.
The main page that all of the pages on a particular Web
site are organized around and link back to is called the
site’s home page.
What is IP
An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to a device or domain that
connects to the Internet.
Each IP address is a series of characters, such as '192.168.1.1'. Via DNS
resolvers, which translate human-readable domain names into IP
addresses, users are able to access websites without memorizing this
complex series of characters.
Each IP packet will contain both the IP address of the device or domain
sending the packet and the IP address of the intended recipient, much
like how both the destination address and the return address are
included on a piece of mail.
How to access the Internet?

• TCP is then responsible for transporting and routing


data through the network architecture and ensuring it
gets delivered to the destination application or device
that IP has defined.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

A commercial organization with permanent connection to the Internet


that sells temporary connections to subscribers.
Examples:
PTCL, NayaTel, Qubec, Wateen
How to access the Web?

Once you have your Internet connection, then you need special software
called a browser to access the Web.
Web browsers are used to connect you to remote computers, open and
transfer files, display text and images.
Web browsers are specialized programs.
Examples of Web browser: Netscape Navigator (Navigator), GoogleChrome,
Firefox and Internet Explorer.
Client/Server Structure of the Web

Web is a collection of files that reside on computers,


called Web servers, that are located all over the world
and are connected to each other through the Internet.
When you use your Internet connection to become part
of the Web, your computer becomes a Web client in a
worldwide client/server network.
A Web browser is the software that you run on your
computer to make it work as a web client.
Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML)
The public files on the web servers are ordinary text files, much like the files
used by word-processing software.
To allow Web browser software to read them, the text must be formatted
according to a generally accepted standard.
The standard used on the web is Hypertext markup language (HTML).
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML uses codes, or tags, to tell the Web browser software


how to display the text contained in the document.
For example, a Web browser reading the following line of
text:
<B> A Review of the Book<I>Wind Instruments of
the 18th Century</I></B>
recognizes the <B> and </B> tags as instructions to display
the entire line of text in bold and the <I> and </I> tags as
instructions to display the text enclosed by those tags in
italics.
Addresses on the Web:IP Addressing

Each computer on the internet does have a unique identification number, called
an IP (Internet Protocol) address.
The IP addressing system currently in use on the Internet uses a four-part
number.
Each part of the address is a number ranging from 0 to 255, and each part is
separated from the previous part by period,
For example, 106.29.242.17
IP Addressing
The combination of the four IP address parts provides 4.2 billion possible
addresses (256 x 256 x 256 x 256).
This number seemed adequate until 1998.
Members of various Internet task forces are working to develop an alternate
addressing system that will accommodate the projected growth.
However, all of their working solutions require extensive hardware and
software changes throughout the Internet.
Domain Name Addressing

Most web browsers do not use the IP address to


locate Web sites and individual pages.
They use domain name addressing.
A domain name is a unique name associated with a
specific IP address by a program that runs on an
Internet host computer.
This program, which coordinates the IP addresses
and domain names for all computers attached to it,
is called DNS (Domain Name System ) software.
The host computer that runs this software is called a
domain name server.
Uniform Resource Locators

The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular


computer on the Internet.
However, they do not indicate where a Web page’s HTML
document resides on that computer.
To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on
Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on
which the file resides
The name of the file
Structure of a Uniform Resource Locators

protocol pathname

http://www.chicagosymphony.org/civicconcerts/index.htm

Domain name filename

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol


HTTP
The transfer protocol is the set of rules that the
computers use to move files from one computer to
another on the Internet.
The most common transfer protocol used on the
Internet is the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Two other protocols that you can use on the
Internet are the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
the Telnet Protocol
How to find information on the Web?

A number of search tools have been developed and


available to you on certain Web sites that provide search
services to help you find information.
Examples:
Yahoo  www.yahoo.com
Excite  www.excite.com
Lycos  www.lycos.com
AltaVista  www/alta-vista.com
MSN WebSearch  www.search.msn.com
How to find information on the Web?
You can find information by two basic means.
Search by Topic and Search by keywords.
Some search services offer both methods, others only
one.
Yahoo offers both.
Search by Topic
You can navigate through topic lists
Search by keywords
You can navigate by entering a keyword or phase into a
search text box.

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