Introducti

on

PLC
Programming

Click anywhere to continue

 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Introduction

The PLC can do nothing until someone develops a

user program and loads it into the CPU’s memory.
Once the CPU has the program in memory and has
been put into run mode, it can look at inputs and, as
a result of solving the user program ladder logic
instructions, it can control the outputs and their
associated field devices.

This unit explains the various programming

languages as defined in the IEC 1131-3
programming standard.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 2
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Objectives

At the end of this lesson you should be

able to explain the various programming
languages used in PLC.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 3
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Main Menu

Ladder Diagram

Function Block
Diagram

Instruction List

Structured Text

Sequential Function
Chart

Exit

Please
Please Choose
Choose aa Lesson
Lesson 4
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

Standard IEC 1131-1 consists of four traditional languages and

one higher-level programming language.
 Graphical languages
• Ladder diagram (LD)
• Function Block Diagram (FBD)
 Text-based languages
• Instruction List (IL)
• Structured Text (ST)
 Flow-chart type programming
• Sequence Function Chart
(SFC)

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 5
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

Start PB Stop PB
CR1

Ladder diagram CR1

programming is similar to Light
CR1
relay ladder logic.

Relay Ladder Logic

When most people think of
PLC programming, they
associated ladder rungs CR1
and ladder programming Start PB Stop PB

with PLCs under the IEC CR1

1131-3 standard. CR1

Light

PLC Ladder Diagram

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 6
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

Advanced features
supported by ladder
diagram programming
include function blocks,
which simplify process-
oriented applications.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 7
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

CodeSys PLC Control

programming software
offers a comprehensive set
of control elements and
function blocks.

Power flow, I/O forcing, and

on-line changes are
provided during run time.
CodeSys On-line mode

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 8
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

A code body programmed

in the graphic language LD
is composed of contacts
and coils. contacts coil

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 9
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

A code body programmed power rails

in the graphic language LD
is composed of contacts
and coils. contacts coil

The contacts lead from the

left to the right and are
bounded with power rails.

Coils store the incoming

value to Boolean variables.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 10
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

Serial connections and

parallel branches of
contacts and coils can be
created.
Series - AND
Serial connections are
called wired-ANDs while
parallel branches are called
wired-ORs.

Parallel - OR

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 11
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Ladder Diagram - LD

The set of connected

objects is called LD LD network
network.

Every LD network shall at

least contain one coil and a
left power rail.

Network 0002

Network 0003

CLICK
CLICK MAIN
MAIN TO
TO RETURN
RETURN TO
TO LESSON
LESSON MENU
MENU 12
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Function Block Diagram (FBD)

Function block diagram

programming is based on a
graphical language widely
used in Europe.

Process flow applications

are depicted graphically as
function blocks that are
wired together much like
circuit diagrams.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 13
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Function Block Diagram (FBD)

Function blocks are

standard blocks that
execute algorithms.

The function blocks are

controlled by external
parameters.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 14
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Function Block Diagram (FBD)

A code body programmed

in the graphical language
FBD is composed of
functions and function
blocks which are
connected with each other
or with variables using
lines.
function function block

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 15
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Function Block Diagram - FBD

network 0002
The set of connected
objects is called FBD
network.

In FBD networks it is not

possible to connect outputs
with outputs.

network 0002

CLICK
CLICK MAIN
MAIN TO
TO RETURN
RETURN TO
TO LESSON
LESSON MENU
MENU 16
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Instruction List - IL

start stop motor

Instruction list is a low-level,
assembly-type language. motor

PLC Ladder Diagram

Instructions are organized
into a list-like format.
LD start
OR motor
ANDN stop
ST motor

Instruction List

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 17
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Instruction List - IL

LD S1
Instruction list programming AND B1
allows only one operation to AND B3
be performed per line. ST T_Start
CAL TOF_Y1( IN := T_Start, PT := T#3s )
LD TOF_Y1.Q
As an example, storing a ST Y1
value in a memory location CAL R_TRIG_B2( CLK := B2 )
would be a single LD R_TRIG_B2.Q
AND B3
operation.
S Y2
LD B4
Instruction list programming R Y2
S Y3
is usually used in smaller
LD B3
applications. R Y3

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 18
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Instruction List - IL

A code body programmed 1 LD start

in the textual language IL
2 OR motor
consists of a sequence of
instructions. 3 ANDN stop
4 ST motor
Each instruction starts at a
new line.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 19
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Instruction List - IL

Each line begins with an 1 LD start

operator followed by one
2 OR motor
operand.
3 ANDN stop
4 ST motor
Additionally modifiers can
be used.

operator operand

CLICK
CLICK MAIN
MAIN TO
TO RETURN
RETURN TO
TO LESSON
LESSON MENU
MENU 20
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Structured Text - ST

Structured text is an TOF_Y1( IN := S1 & B1 & B3, PT := T#3s );

Y1 := TOF_Y1.Q;
English-like programming
R_TRIG_B2( CLK := B2 );
language that resembles RS_Y2( S := R_TRIG_B2.Q & B3, R1 := B4 );
BASIC programming. Y2 := RS_Y2.Q1;
RS_Y3( S := B4, R1 := B3 );
Y3 := RS_Y3.Q1;

Structured-text

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 21
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Structured Text - ST

A code body programmed TOF_Y1( IN := S1 & B1 & B3, PT := T#3s );

Y1 := TOF_Y1.Q;
in the textual language ST
R_TRIG_B2( CLK := B2 );
consists of statements and RS_Y2( S := R_TRIG_B2.Q & B3, R1 := B4 );
expressions. Y2 := RS_Y2.Q1;
RS_Y3( S := B4, R1 := B3 );
Y3 := RS_Y3.Q1;
Different types of
statements can be used
while editing.

All statements have to statements expressions

finish with a semicolon.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 22
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Structured Text - ST

An expression is a TOF_Y1( IN := S1 & B1 & B3, PT := T#3s );

Y1 := TOF_Y1.Q;
construct which returns one
R_TRIG_B2( CLK := B2 );
value for the execution of RS_Y2( S := R_TRIG_B2.Q & B3, R1 := B4 );
statements. Y2 := RS_Y2.Q1;
RS_Y3( S := B4, R1 := B3 );
Y3 := RS_Y3.Q1;
Expressions consist of
operators and operands.
precedence.

statements expressions

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 23
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Structured Text - ST

The operators have to be TOF_Y1( IN := S1 & B1 & B3, PT := T#3s );

Y1 := TOF_Y1.Q;
applied to the operands in
R_TRIG_B2( CLK := B2 );
the way that the operator RS_Y2( S := R_TRIG_B2.Q & B3, R1 := B4 );
with the highest Y2 := RS_Y2.Q1;
precedence is followed by RS_Y3( S := B4, R1 := B3 );
the operators with the next Y3 := RS_Y3.Q1;
lower precedence.

statements expressions

CLICK
CLICK MAIN
MAIN TO
TO RETURN
RETURN TO
TO LESSON
LESSON MENU
MENU 24
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

Sequential function chart

(SFC) programming is
similar to flow chart
programming.

Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 25
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

Sequential function chart

(SFC) programming is
similar to flow chart
programming.

SFC programs consist of

steps and transitions.

steps

transitions Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 26
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

Each step is represented by

a box that contains one or
more major actions.

When all actions in the box

are satisfied, the box is
exited.

Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 27
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

A transition step must be

true before moving on to
the next step.

Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 28
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

A transition step must be

true before moving on to
the next step.

Once leaving a particular

step, the processor
executes the next step.

Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 29
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

A transition step must be

true before moving on to
the next step.

Once leaving a particular

step, the processor
executes the next step.

Previous steps are no

longer executed.

Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 30
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

A code body programmed step1

in the graphic language
SFC is composed of steps transition1
and transitions which are
connected with directed step2
links.
transition2

step3

transition3

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 31
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

One or several action step1

blocks can be associated to
a step. transition1

S Action 1
step2
While the step is active the N Action 2
associated action is transition2
executed according to the
action qualifier. step3

transition3
The action can be a
Boolean variable.

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 32
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

A transition represents the step1

condition in which the
process passes from one TRUE
step to another.
S Action 1
step2
N Action 2
If a transition becomes transition2
TRUE the preceding step is
executed once again and step3
the succeeding step
becomes active. transition3

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 33
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

The set of connected Initial R Action 1

objects is called SFC
network. TRUE

S Action 1
step2
A SFC network must have N Action 2
always one initial step transition2
which is the first step to be
executed when the POU is step3
called.
transition3

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 34
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

Simultaneous branches or Initial R Action 1

alternative branches can be
inserted in the SFC TRUE
network.
S Action 1
step2
N Action 2
transition2

step3

transition3 transition4 transition5

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 35
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

Programming with a
sequential function chart
lets you develop
segmented programming.

Rather than developing one

long ladder program, the
program can be divided up
into several sequences or
steps.

Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 36
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

The advantage to
sequential function charts is
that only the logic in the
active steps is scanned
until it is time to transition to
the next step.

Compare this to scanning

the entire ladder program
when only a few rungs are
active.
Sequential function Chart

Please
Please select
select NEXT
NEXT to
to continue
continue 37
 PLC
PLC Applications
Applications :: PLC
PLC Programming
Programming

Sequential Function Chart

The major disadvantage of

sequential function chart
programs is that alarms
cannot be monitored.

Sequential function chart

programs are good for
batch sequencing.

Sequential function Chart

38