Unit 1

Introduction to Database Management System (DBMS)

 Basic Terminologies
• Data
– Data are raw facts that can be recorded in some media such as paper
media, digital media, human brain, etc.
• Information
– Information are the processed data.
• Database
– Database is an organized collection of logically related data stored in a
standard format.
• Database System
– A database system is an integrated collection of logically related data
along with the details.
– Some of the commonly used DBMS are MySQL, Microsoft Access,
Oracle.
 Concept of Database Management System
(DBMS)
• Database Management System (DBMS) is the
collection of software programs that is used to manage
the database effectively and conveniently.
• DBMS provides an interface to perform various
operations such as
I. Defining the database
II. Inserting data records into the database
III. Deleting data records
IV. Retrieving data from database
V. Providing security to the database
 Applications of DBMS
1. Banking
For storing customer information, tracking day to day
credit and debit transactions, generating bank statements
etc. All these work has been done with the help of
database management systems.
2. Sales
To store customer information, product information and
invoice details.
3. Airlines
To store the early reservation information along with
flight schedule.
4. Telecom : Telecom uses the database systems to keeps track
of information regarding calls made, network usage,
customer details etc.
5. Healthcare: DBMS is used in healthcare to manage patient
data, medical records, and billing information.
6. Reporting and analysis: DBMS provides tools to generate
reports and analyze data to gain insights and make informed
decisions.
7. Online Shopping: Online shopping websites like amazon,
flipkart, store the product information, credit details and
also provide the relevant list of products based on the query.
 Objectives of DBMS
• Provide for mass storage of relevant data
• Making easy access to data for the authorized user.
• Providing quick response to user’s requests for data.
• Eliminate redundant (Duplicate) data.
• Allow multiple users to be active at one time.
• Allow the growth of the database system
• Provide data integrity.
• Protect the data from physical harm and unauthorized
access.
• Provide multiple views for the same data.
 Evolution
• The chronological order of the development of
DBMS is as follows
• 1. Flat Files (1970s-1990s)
• 2. Hierarchical (1970s-1990s)
• 3. Network (1970s- 1990s)
• 4. Relational (1980s-present)
• 5. Object-Oriented (1990s- present)
• 6. Object-Relational (1990s-present)
• 7. Web enabled (1990s-present)
• 1.Flat Files (1970s-1990s) : Flat files database is a database
that stores information in a single file or table.
• 2.Hierarchical (1970s-1990s) : As the name indicates,
hierarchical database contains data in a hierarchically-
arranged data. Parent can have many children but one child
can only have one parent i. e.,; one-to-many relationship.
• 3.Network database (1970s -1990s) : The inventor of
network model is Charles Bachmann. Unlike hierarchical
database model, network database allows multiple parent
and child relationships i. e., it maintains many-to many
relationship.
• 4.Relationl database (1980s-present) : Relationship database
model was proposed by E. F. Codd. After the hierarchical and
network model the birth of this model was huge step ahead. It
allows the entities to be related through a common attribute.
• 5.Object – oriented database (1990s -present) : Object-Oriented
database management system is that database system in which
the data or information is presented in the form of objects and
class, much like in object-Oriented programming language.
• 6. Object- relationship database (1990s-present) : An object
relationship database management system displays a modified
object- oriented user- display over the already implemented
relationship database management system.
Need of database
 Data Abstraction
• Data Abstraction is a process of hiding
unwanted or irrelevant details from the end
user.
 Data Abstraction
• There are three levels of abstraction for
DBMS, which are as follows −
• Physical or Internal Level
• Logical or Conceptual Level
• View or External Level
 Levels of abstraction
I. Physical or Internal Level
– It is the lowest level of abstraction.
– It describe how the data are actually stored.
II. Logical or Conceptual Level
– Logical level is the intermediate level.
– It describes what data is stored in the database and what
relationship exists among those data.
III. View or External Level
– View or External Level is the highest level of data abstraction.
– Application programs hides details of the datatype.
– View level can be used by all users . This level is the least complex
and easy to understand.
 Data Independence
• The ability to modify the lower level, without affecting the schema
definition of the next higher level is called data independence.
• Upper level are unaffected by changing in lower level.

1. Physical data independence

• It indicates that the physical storage structures or devices could be changed
without affecting the conceptual schema.
• The ability to modify physical schema without changing the logical schema.
2. Logical Data Independence
• Logical data independence is the ability to modify logical schema without
causing any unwanted modifications to the external schema or the
application programs to be rewritten.
• It is the capacity to change the conceptual schema without having to
change the external schema.
 Schema and Instances
• The data which is stored in the database at a particular moment
of time is called an instance of database.
• The overall design of the database is called schema.
• A database schema is the skeleton structure of the database. It
represents the logical structure of the entire database. A schema
contains the objects like table, foreign key, primary key, views,
column etc.
• A database schema can be represented by using the visual
diagram. The diagram shows the database objects and
relationship with each other.
• Physical schema : Database design at the physical level
• Logical schema : Database design at the logical level
 Concept of DDL, DML, DCL
• DDL (Data Definition Language)
• DDL or Data Definition Language actually consists of the SQL
commands that can be used to define the database schema.
• List of DDL commands:
• CREATE: This command is used to create the database or its objects
(like table, index, function, views, store procedure, and triggers).
• DROP: This command is used to delete objects from the database.
• ALTER: This is used to alter the structure of the database.
• TRUNCATE: This is used to remove all records from a table, including
all spaces allocated for the records are removed.
• COMMENT: This is used to add comments to the data dictionary.
• RENAME: This is used to rename an object existing in the database.
• DML(Data Manipulation Language)
• The SQL commands that deal with the manipulation of data
present in the database belong to DML or Data
Manipulation Language and this includes most of the SQL
statements.
• List of DML commands:
• INSERT: It is used to insert data into a table.
• UPDATE: It is used to update existing data within a table.
• DELETE: It is used to delete records from a database table.
• DCL (Data Control Language)
• DCL includes commands such as GRANT and REVOKE
which mainly deal with the rights, permissions, and
other controls of the database system.
• List of DCL commands:
• GRANT: This command gives users access privileges
to the database.
• REVOKE: This command withdraws the user’s access
privileges given by using the GRANT command.