ENGLISH LANGUAGE

COURSE
BASICS TO ADVANCE LEVEL
Basic concept
Tenses (past , present, future)
Parts of speech (Noun , Pronoun, verb)
Active voice passive voice
Direct and indirect
Narration
Punctuation and other topics
Sentence.
 A group of words which gives complete sense, is
called Sentence.

 Example . Usama is going to London.

Kinds of sentences.

 Assertive
 Interrogative
 Imperative
 Exclamatory
Assertive
 (To give information)

affirmative negative
Sub+h.v+m.v+obj Sub +h.v+not+m.v+obj
Usama is going to London Usama is not going to London

Ali is playing football Ali is not playing football

Interrogative sentence
 (To ask question)

Direct interrogative Indirect interrogative

example example
What is your name? I want to know what your name
is.
Direct interrogative
 Direct Question.
Yes/ no question Wh, question
hv+sub+m.v+obj? Wh word +hv+sub+m.v+obj?

Are you writing? Why are you writing?

Note.
 If yes and no question and wh question comes
together in a singal sentence in this case the first
sentence will be in interrogative form and second
in assermative form.
 May I know where are you going?

 Could you tell me why did you not speak the

truth?
Practice
 Do you know when he shall be leaving for his
higher studies in the China?

 May I know whom you do not talk to him?

Indirect interogative
 I want to know what your name is.

Assertive interrogative
Note indirect interrogative does not have anything to
do with the interrogative structure. Neither h.v
comes beforesubject nor question mark comes at
the end of the sentence.
example
 I did not understawhy did you not call me last
night.

 I did not understawhy you did not call me last

night.

 I asked him why did he call me a fool.

Imperative sentence.

to express (order advise ,request)

structure v1 do do not,let
Example
work hard
Please, finish the work
Do not talk to her
Exclamatory sentence
 To express emotions strong feelings reaction
 Structure what how
 Structure interjection hurrah wow
 Example what a movie
 Hurrah I got selected for the job
Optative sentence
 To express wish curse blessing
 Structure may+sub+v1!
 may+sub+v1.
 Example may god bless you
Phrase
 A group of words which makes sense but not complete
sense is called phrase.
 Example
 Under the tree
 At the door
 Note
 A phrase is a group of words without a sub verb
combination
 A phrase can not be a complete sentence because it
does not give complete meaning.
What does a phrase do?
 The purpose of phrase is to complement the overall
structure of the sentence.
 example

 She is sitting under the tree.

clause
 A clause is a group of words which gives complete
meaning and also has a sub verb combination

Example she is hungry

He is feeling well today

Note
A simple sentence can also be called one clause.
Note

 Some sentence may have more than one clause.

 Example
 I waited for her but she did not come.
 Anny likes me but I like humna because want to
marry her.
Types of clause
 Independent clause
 Dependent clasue.
Independent clause
 An independent clause is the same as a complete
senetence and can stand alone.
 Example
 He ate dinner.
 I was working.
Dependent clause
 Dependent clause can not stand alone it has a sub
verb combination but it could not be a sentence by
it self it needs an independent clause to complete
the sentence.
 Example
 When ahsan got home
 When ahsan got home , he ate dinner.
Parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
verb
 Action (I go to office daily)
 State of being (I am a teacher)

 Example
 Go /write/play/is / am /will etc
Noun

 Noun( naming word)

 example
 Ahmed / karachi/table/ horse etc

Sentence: Ahmed lives in karachi

pronoun
 Pronoun( replaces a noun)
 example
 I/we you me my ourselves etc

 Ahmed is tired, he wants to sleep.

Adjective
 Adjective ( modifies noun /pronoun)
 example
 Big happy green crazy etc
 example
 She has a pink hat
 Hina is very beautiful.
Adverb
 Modifies a verb adverb adjective
 Example (slowly very always never tomorrow here
etc)
 he is walking slowly.
 hina is very beautiful.

 Note how where when how often to what extent.

Preposition
 It shows a relationship of a noun /pronoun to
another
 Example
 At in with near between etc
 He lives in pakistan
 There is a cat under the table
Conjunction
 Joining word
 Example
 And or but because since

 Example
 Ahmed and bilal are friends
 He was guilty so he was punished.
Interjection
 Expressive word
 Example hurrah! Wow! Oh! Oh shit! Ouch!

 Example
 Ouch! That hurt
 Wow! we won the match
Parts of speech
Noun (naming word)
Pronoun(replaces a noun)
Verb(action state )
Adverb ( modifies verb adverb adjective)
Adjective( modifies noun and pronoun)
Preposition(shows relationship)
Conjunction(joining word)
Interjection (expressive word)
Verb
Primary Modals finite Non finite

Be ( is am Can could may Transitive and Infinite

are was were might will intransitive Gerund
be been would shall participle
being) should dare
need must used
to ought to

Have (has
have had )
Do ( does
did)
 V1base form plural
 V2 past form
 V3 past participle
 V4 present participle
 V5 base form singular
example
 He writes poem
 They played football
 I am going to london
 He is going to london
 They have to london
 I am a teacher
 She was a singer
 I have four sons
Verb
examples
 He is a good man
 He is learning english
 He does his homework daily
 He does not come to class regularly.
Object
 But
 Noun naming word
 Article +word noun
 Word+s /es pl.word noun
Object
 Verb +object preposition+object
 Verb what/whom=obj

 Object =noun/pronoun
Example
 He kicked the ball
 She killed him
 We ate mangoes
 I love you
 The baby was crying
 She came on time
 I am going to london
 Ali speaks loudly
examples
 I saw a sick man
 The supporters ran away after the meeting
 The price of car have fallen sharply
Sub complement
 Linking verbs+sub complement
 Linking verbs look/sound/smell/feel taste appear
seem get grow remain become be(main verb)

 Sub complement- noun/pronoun/adj

 Sub =sub complement
Example
 I am a teacher.
 We are friends.
 She is beautiful.
 Sugar tastes sweet.
 She seems lucky
 She is a beautiful girl
 It was they who were running fast
Sub complement are not as object
 He married a writer
 He became a writer
 Sub =!object
 Sub=sub complement
Subject
 Subject =noun / pronoun

 Example
 A dog is barking

We shall go to the party

A cool guy is looking here.
Dead men tell no tales
Example
 The childern in the first row received the sweets
 In singapore, my brother-in-law with his wife was
present at the function.
 Bring a glass of water.
 Shut the door.
Example
 I went to watch a movie yesterday
 He has gone to watch a movie.
 They have gone to watch a movie
 They will go to watch a movie tomorrow
Finite verbs vs non finite verbs
 Finite verbs
 Finite means bound finite verbs must agree with
the number and person of its subject.

 Non finite verbs

 Unlike finite verbs,non finite verbs are not bound
by tense and number or person of subject.
Transitive verbs
 Always takes an object
 Reply to what whom after the verbs is called the
object
 Object=noun/pronoun.
Example
 She kicked the ball
 I love you
 We ate mangoes
 Ahsan killed him
Intransitive verbs
 Which does not have an object or which does not
take any object.
Example
 She is going to london.
 She came on time
 They cried loudly
Non finite verbs
 Infinitive
 Gerund
 Participles.
infinitive
 To +v1

 As a subject
 Example
 To walk is a good exercise
 To swim is good for health
As an object
 I want to go.
 I want to speak.
 She loves to play.
Gerund
 (v+ing)
 As a subject
 Example
 Walking is a good exercise
 Swimming is good for health
 Teaching is a good profession.
As an object
 Example
 Aliza likes dancing
 I enjoyed drinking
Preposition+object
 She is good at swim
 She is good at swimming
 I am sorry for tell you all this
 I am sorry for telling you all this
 I am tired of argue
 I am tired of arguing
Participle
 Present participle (v + ing)
 Past participle v3
 perfect participle having +v3, after +ving
Example
 A horse is running
 I saw a running horse
 She has written a letter
 Police wanted a written statement
Find gerund and participle
 Snowboarding is a winter sport

 I love Snowboarding

 I am excited by snowboarding.

 What an amazing movie

Example
 I am trying to sleep

 She loves travelling