Addis Ababa University

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering

Engineering Drawing
Surface Development of Basic Shapes

Dawit M. (M.Sc.)
Nov, 2016
 Topics

 Introduction to Development
 Types of Development
 An Overview od Developments of some basic geometries:
 Development of Prism (Right and Truncated)
 Development of Cylinder (Right and Truncated)
 Development of Cone (Right and Frustum)
 Development of Pyramid (Right and Frustum)

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 Introduction to development

• Development is the outside surface of a geometric form laid

flat. Parts designed to be produced from flat materials are
cut from a pattern that is drawn as development.
• In development, the complete unfolded layout drawing of a
part showing the total surface area in one view is
constructed from true length dimensions; and its flat plane
drawing shows each surface of the part as true shape.
• In development, all surfaces of the object are connected
along their adjacent bend lines.

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 Introduction to development

• Sheet metal objects, cardboard packaging, large

diameter cylindrical vessels and piping, funnels, cans,
and ducts are just some of objects made from
developments.
• The actual developed flat sheet configuration is to cut
according to its developed pattern. Then the final
operations include bending, folding or rolling, and
stretching the part to its required design.
• The four most common shapes that can be accurately
developed include prism, pyramid, cylinder and cone.

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 Introduction to development

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 Introduction to development

• An object is normally developed by unfolding or

unrolling its surfaces onto the plane of the paper. The
actual drawing of the object consists of showing each
successive surface as true shape and connected along
common edges.
• For cone and cylinder bending lines are not required
whereas for prism and pyramid bending lines are
required to represent the edges.
• Each of the parts is developed as an inside-up pattern
drawing (it is unfolded/unrolled so that the inside
surface is face up).
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 Types of development

• There are four types which the classification is

based on the shape of the surface and the
method employed to construct its development.
• The four types development are:
1. Parallel line
2. Radial line
3. Triangulation
4. Approximation
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 Types of development

• Parallel line: used for objects that are composed of

parallel straight line elements or edges: such as
cylinders and prisms.

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 Types of development

• Radial line: used for objects whose edges or elements

define triangular surface areas: such as pyramids and
cones.

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 Types of development

• Triangulation: is a means of developing a surface by

breaking it into a series of triangle. The objects made by
a combination of curved and plan surfaces are
developed by triangulation.

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 Types of development

• Approximation: used for objects whose surfaces can

not be truly developed: such as spherical shapes.

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 Development of a prism

• A prism can be right prism (that makes an angle

90o with the horizontal) or oblique (that makes
an angle different from 90o with the horizontal);
can be full prism or truncated; and can be hollow
prism or solid. In development, hollow prisms
are considered.
• In development of a prism, the length and the
height of the developed surface are the
perimeter of the cross-section and the edge
heights of a prism respectively.
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 Development of a prism

Development of a right prism.

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 Development of a prism

Development of a truncated right prism.

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 Development of a cylinder

• A cylinder can be right cylinder (that makes an

angle 90o with the horizontal) or oblique (that
makes an angle different from 90o with the
horizontal); can be full cylinder or truncated; and
can be hollow cylinder or solid. In development,
hollow cylinders are considered.
• In development of a cylinder, the length and the
height of the developed surface are the
circumference (pie i.e. 3.14 X diameter) of the of
and the height of a cylinder respectively.
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 Development of a cylinder

Development of a right cylinder.

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 Development of a cylinder

Development of a truncated right cylinder.

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 Development of a cylinder

Development of a truncated right cylinder.

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 Development of a cylinder

Development of an oblique cylinder.

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 Development of a cone

• A cone can be right cone (that makes an angle

90o with the horizontal) or oblique (that makes
an angle different from 90o with the horizontal);
can be full cone, frustum or truncated; and can
be hollow cone or solid. In development, hollow
cones are considered.
• In development of a cone, the area of the
developed surface is the sector made by the
circumference and slanted length of the cone.

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 Development of a cone

Development of a right cone.

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 Development of a cone

Development of a frustum right cone.

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 Development of a Pyramid

• A pyramid can be right pyramid (that makes an

angle 90o with the horizontal) or oblique (that
makes an angle different from 90o with the
horizontal); can be full pyramid, frustum or
truncated; and can be hollow pyramid or solid.
In development, hollow pyramids are
considered.
• In development of a pyramid, the area of the
developed surface is the sum of triangular face
area of a pyramid.
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 Development of a Pyramid

Development of a right pyramid.

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 Development of a Pyramid

Development of a frustum right pyramid.

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