Ananthipresentation1 170130122737

Learning
Definitions of Learning:
1. Gardener Murphy: “The term learning covers every modification

in behavior to meet environmental requirements.”
2. Henry P. Smith: “Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the

strengthening or weakening of old behavior as the result of experience.”
3. Crow & crow: “Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge &

attitudes. It involves new ways of doing things and it operates in
individuals attempts to overcome obstacles or to adjust to new
situations. It represents progressive changes in behavior. It enables him
to satisfy his interests to attain goals.
Elements of Learning
Definition: Motivation refers to the internal or
 Motivation external factors that drive an individual’s
behavior and influence their engagement in
learning activities.
Definition: Reinforcement involves providing

 Reinforcement consequences (positive or negative) to
strengthen or weaken a behavior.
Definition: Retention refers to the ability to

 Retention retain and store information or skills over time.
 Transference
Definition: Transference involves applying
knowledge or skills learned in one context to a
different context.
MEANING
Educational point of view
• The process of modification of behavior

is termed as learning.
Psychological point of view
• Learning implies making the most

appropriate response to stimulus.
Nature of Learning
1.Learning is Universal
2.Learning is through Experience
3.Learning is from All Sides
4.Learning is Continuous
5.It results in a Change in Behavior
Nature of Learning
6. Learning is an Adjustment
7. It comes about as a Result of Practice
8. Learning is a relatively Permanent
Change
9. Learning as Growth and
Development
10. Learning is not directly observable
Principles of Learning
1. Readiness
2. Exercise
3. Effect
4. Primacy
5. Recency
6. Intensity
7. Freedom
◦ Readiness: Readiness refers to the state of being prepared or mentally and
physically ready for learning.
◦ Exercise: Learning continues through practice and repetition.

◦ Types of Exercise:
◦ Recall and Review: Revisiting previously learned material.
◦ Manual Drill and Physical Applications: Practicing skills.
◦ Effect: the principle of effect is based in the emotional reaction of the student.
It has a direct relationship to motivation.
◦ Primacy: Present subject matter in a logical order, step by step.
◦ Recency: Recently learned information is best remembered.
◦ Intensity: Intense learning experiences lead to better retention.

◦ Freedom: Freedom is a critical aspect of effective learning.
Freedom of choice
Freedom of action
Freedom of bear result of action
Theories Of Learning
1. Behaviorism
2. Cognitivism
3. Constructivism
4. Humanism
5. Connectivism
BEHAVIORISM
BEHAVIORAL LEARNING THEORY
Behaviorism
• Behavioral theory holds that psychological
events can be described and explained in
terms of observable behavior and its
associations with environmental stimuli and
occurrences.
• The main tenet is that all behavior is caused by a
corresponding external stimulus.
Behaviorism
Confined to observable and measurable behavior
 Classical Conditioning - Pavlov
A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to
respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been
repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that
elicits the desired response called classical conditioning.
 Operant Conditioning – Skinner
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is
controlled by consequences. Key concepts in operant conditioning are
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and
negative punishment
Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov
• He is known for using dogs for behavioral

tests. He used a bell to teach the dogs to
know that food was being given and it
resulted in the dogs salivating while
waiting for the food.
Classical Conditioning
Ringing of the bell (CS) caused the dog to secrete the saliva (CR)
Operant Conditioning - Burrhus
Frederic Skinner
A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the idea
that behavior is determined by its consequences, (something that happen as a
result of some activity) be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it
more or less likely that the behavior will occur again.
Operant Conditioning
COGNITIVISM
COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY
Cognitivism
 The word “Cognitive” is derived from
“cognition”, which describes your ability to
think, perceive, remember, and solve
problems.
 Cognitive learning is a learning process that
results from the effective use and
application of the brain.
 Rather than simply responding to stimuli and
responding through conditioning, learners think
about and analyze their responses.
Cognitivism
• Cognitivists argue that a person goes from one layer of the cognitive domain
to another for deeper learning.
• In this way, recalling and retention of knowledge become very important.
• Propounders:
Examples
◦ Inside the classroom, cognitivism emerges via interactive
activities that spark the thinking potential of students.
◦ For example, when students receive thought-provoking
questions, it guides their brains to look deeper into their present
knowledge to find solutions.
◦ Activities involving self-reflection and memorization also help

in building the learning potential of students.
◦ Asking students to demonstrate a concept, reciting and retaining
poetry, giving them hands-on problems, and having interactive
discussions are some ways that enforce cognitive learning inside
the classrooms.
CONSTRUCTIVIS
M
CONSTRUCTIVIST LEARNING THEORY
Constructivism Learning Theory
Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct

knowledge rather than just passively take in information.
The essence of constructivist theory is the idea that learners must

individually discover and transform complex information if they
are to make it their own.
Propounders: Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John
Dewey
Benefits
• It’s active.
• It develops advanced skills such as critical
thinking, analysis, evaluation, and
creation.
• It promotes diverse viewpoints.
• It encourages students to reflect, evaluate
their work, and identify intermediary skills
to acquire based on their needs.
HUMANISM
HUMANIST LEARNING THEORY
Humanist Theory
• Approaches learning a way to fulfill an
as
individual’s potential rather than meeting specific
learning targets.
• Maslow’s - “Hierarchy of Needs”
• The theory holds that self-actualization is the

ultimate goal of each individual.
• Learners are trusted to determine their own goals, set

standards, and evaluate their work.
Examples
• Teachers can create classroom environments
that help students get closer to their self-
actualization.
• Educators can help fulfill students’ emotional
and physical needs, giving them a safe and
comfortable place to learn, plenty of food, and
the support they need to succeed.
• This kind of environment is the most
conducive to helping students learn.
CONNECTIVIS
M
CONNECTIVIST LEARNING THEORY
Connectivism Learning Theory
• It focuses on the idea that people learn and grow

when they form connections.
◦ It involves building and maintaining connections
between various
◦ information sources
• Connectivism also places a strong emphasis on
the ability to find and sift through information
to conduct reliable research
Connectivism Learning Theory
• According to this theory, knowledge is distributed

across multiple networks and not just stored in
our minds.
• To promote learning information, nodes need to
be connected which can include people’s books
websites, or social media platforms the more nodes
we connect the more opportunities we have to
learn and create new knowledge
Examples
• Teachers can utilize connectivism in their
classrooms to help students make connections to
things that excite them, helping them learn.
• Teachers can use digital media to make good,
positive connections to learning.
• They can help create connections and relationships
with their students and with their peer groups to
help students feel motivated about learning.
Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism Humanism: Connectivism:
Focus Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism posits Humanism Connectivism

emphasizes observable emphasizes internal that emphasizes individual acknowledges the
behaviors and the role mental learners construct growth, self- impact
of environmental stimuli in processes (thinking, knowledge through actualization, and of networks and te
learning. memory, problem- their experiences. personal agency. chnology on
solving). learning.
Learner’s Role: Learners are passive Active processors of Active builders of Self-directed learners Networked learners
recipients of external information. meaning. pursuing their interests. who connect with
stimuli. others and access
information.
Teacher’s Role: The teacher provides Facilitator of Facilitator of Facilitator, mentor, and Curator of
experiences and understanding. exploration and supporter. resources and
rewards/punishments. reflection. network facilitator
Knowledge Through associations betwe Through processing Through personal Through meaningful Through
Acquisition: en stimuli and responses. information received. experiences and soci experiences aligned with networked
al interaction. personal goals. connections,
online resources,
and collaboration.
Example Rewarding students for Teaching Students Encouraging Learning through

correct answers in a quiz. students collaboratively students to online
strategies for creating a multimedia explore their communities,
effective note- presentation. passions and social media, and
taking. interests. global connections.
Thank You
for listening

Question
◦In a digitally connected world,

how can learners leverage
networks and online resources
to enhance their understanding
of complex topics?
Question
◦ Consider a scenario where a student

consistently disrupts the class. How
would a behaviorist address this
behavior using reinforcement
techniques?

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Learning

1. Gardener Murphy: “The term learning covers every modification

2. Henry P. Smith: “Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the

3. Crow & crow: “Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge &

Definition: Reinforcement involves providing

Definition: Retention refers to the ability to

Educational point of view

• The process of modification of behavior

Psychological point of view

• Learning implies making the most

◦ Exercise: Learning continues through practice and repetition.

◦ Recency: Recently learned information is best remembered.

◦ Intensity: Intense learning experiences lead to better retention.

• He is known for using dogs for behavioral

◦ Activities involving self-reflection and memorization also help

Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct

The essence of constructivist theory is the idea that learners must

• Maslow’s - “Hierarchy of Needs”

• The theory holds that self-actualization is the

• Learners are trusted to determine their own goals, set

• It focuses on the idea that people learn and grow

• According to this theory, knowledge is distributed

Focus Behaviorism Cognitivism Constructivism posits Humanism Connectivism

Example Rewarding students for Teaching Students Encouraging Learning through

◦In a digitally connected world,

◦ Consider a scenario where a student

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