Sets

What is Set
• A set is a collection which is
• Unordered : cannot be referred to by index
• do not allow duplicate values.

• Sets are written with curly brackets

 What is Set..
• Example:
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(thisset)
print(len(thisset))
OUTPUT: {'cherry', 'banana', 'apple’}
3

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry","banana"}

print(thisset)
print(len(thisset))
OUTPUT: {'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}
 What is Set..
Set items can be of any data type

• String, int and boolean data types:

set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
set2 = {1, 5, 7, 9, 3}
set3 = {True, False, False}

•A set can contain different data types:

set1 = {"abc", 34, True, 40, "male"}
 access set elements
Items in a set CAN NOT BE ACCESSED by referring to an index or a key.
set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print(set1)
set1[0]

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'banana', 'apple'}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-9c35aa9afb04> in <module>
1 set1 = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
2 print(set1)
----> 3 set1[0]

TypeError: 'set' object is not subscriptable

 access set elements through loop
Loop through the set,
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
for x in thisset:
print(x)

OUTPUT:
cherry
banana
apple
 access set element through
‘in’
Check if a specified value is present in a set, by using the in keyword
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
print("banana" in thisset)

OUTPUT:
True
 Add items to set
• Once a set is created, you cannot change its items, but you can add new
items.
• To add one item to a set use the add() method.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

print(id(thisset))
thisset.add("orange")
print(id(thisset))
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
139748080630688
139748080630688
{'cherry', 'orange', 'banana', 'apple'}
 Add sets
• union():returns a new set containing all items
from both sets,

• update(): inserts all the items from one set into

another.

• Both union() and update() will exclude any

duplicate items.
 Add sets..union
• To add items from another set into the current set, use the update()
method.

set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}

set2 = {1, 2, 3,”a”}
set3 = set1.union(set2)
print(set3)

OUTPUT:
{1, 2, 3, 'c', 'b', 'a'}
 Add sets..union
• Alternatively, we may use the union operator ‘|’ to achieve the same
result

set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}

set2 = {1, 2, 3,”a”}
set3 = set1 | (set2)
print(set3)

OUTPUT:
{1, 2, 3, 'c', 'b', 'a'}
 Union of 3 sets
set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3,"a"}
set3 = {"d",11,12,13,"a"}
print(set.union(set1,set2,set3))

OUTPUT:
{1, 2, 3, 11, 'd', 12, 'c', 'a', 13, 'b'}
 Sets..intersection
• keep only the items that are present in both sets.

x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.intersection(y)
print(z)

OUTPUT:
{'apple'}
 Intersection of 3 sets
set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}
set2 = {1, 2, 3,"a"}
set3 = {"d",11,12,13,"a"}
print(set.intersection(set1,set2,set3))

OUTPUT:
{'a’}
 Sets..difference
• To get what is left after common elements between two sets are
removed from the specified set

x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
zx = x.difference(y)
zy = y.difference(x)
print(zx)
print(zy)

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'banana'}
{'microsoft', 'google'}
 Sets..difference
• Another way of doing same thing through operator ‘-’

x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
zx = x-y
zy = y-x
print(zx)
print(zy)

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'banana'}
{'microsoft', 'google'}
 Difference of 3 sets
• It takes union of all sets except first one and subtract the union from the
first set

set1 = {"a", "b" , "c"}

set2 = {1, 2, 3,"a"}
set3 = {"d",11,12,13,"a"}
print(set. difference(set1,set2,set3))

OUTPUT:
{'b', 'c'}
 Sets..symmetric_difference
• To get elements which are in one of the either sets but not in both

x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

y = {"google", "microsoft", "apple"}
z = x.symmetric_difference(y)
print(z)

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'microsoft', 'google', 'banana'}
 Add sets..update
• To add items from another set into the current set, use the update()
method.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya"}
thisset.update(tropical)
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'papaya', 'pineapple', 'banana', 'mango', 'apple'}
 Add sets..update
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya","apple"}
thisset.update(tropical)
print(thisset)
for item in thisset:
print(item)
print(len(thisset))

OUTPUT:
???
 Add sets.. update
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
tropical = {"pineapple", "mango", "papaya","apple"}
thisset.update(tropical)
print(thisset)
for item in thisset:
print(item)
print(len(thisset))

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'papaya', 'pineapple', 'banana', 'mango', 'apple’}
cherry
papaya
pineapple
banana
mango
apple
 Add list, tuple, dictionary etc
• The object in the update() method does not have to be a set, it can be
any iterable object (tuples, lists, dictionaries etc.).

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

mylist = ["kiwi", "orange"]
thisset.update(mylist)
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
{'orange', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'cherry', 'banana'}
 Remove Set Items
• To remove an item in a set, use the remove() method.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.remove("banana")
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'apple'}
 Remove Set Items..
• remove() method will generate error if item to be removed doesn’t exist.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.remove("banana")
print(thisset)
thisset.remove("banana")

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'apple'}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-5-6cb521baab94> in <module>
2 thisset.remove("banana")
3 print(thisset)
----> 4 thisset.remove("banana")

KeyError: 'banana'
 Remove Set Items..Discard()
• If you don’t want error due to non-existence of item to be removed, USE
DISCARD
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
thisset.discard("banana")
print(thisset)
thisset.discard("banana")

OUTPUT:
{'cherry', 'apple’}

NOTE: NO Error Generated

 Remove Set Items..pop()
• What if pop() is used to remove items..
• remove the last item
thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry","mango"}
x = thisset.pop()
print(x)
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
?????
 Remove Set Items..pop()
• Remember, set is unordered , so there is no fixed last item. Any item can
be last.
• So we can’t be sure which item shall be removed.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry","mango"}

x = thisset.pop()
print(x)
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
ONE OF THE OUTPUTS:
cherry {'banana', 'mango', 'apple'}
 Remove Set Items..clear()
• To remove all items in a set (BUT NOT THE SET ITSELF), use clear.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

thisset.clear()
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
set()
 Remove Set..del()
• To remove THE SET ITSELF, use del.

thisset = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}

del thisset
print(thisset)

OUTPUT:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
NameError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-9-b0ed94c1bb6f> in <module>
3 del thisset
4
----> 5 print(thisset)

NameError: name 'thisset' is not defined

 Finding min/max/sum and
length
• The function min(), max(), sum() and len work for sets in the same
manner as for lists.

min() Function

digits=set((0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9))
print(min(digits))

OUTPUT:
0
 Finding min/max/sum and length

max() Function

digits=set((0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9))
print(max(digits))

OUTPUT:
9
 Finding min/max/sum and length

sum() Function

digits=set((0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9))
print(sum(digits))

OUTPUT:
45
 Finding min/max/sum and length

len() Function

digits=set((0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9))
print(len(digits))

OUTPUT:
10
Exercise
Exercise
THANK YOU
•List is a collection which is ordered and changeable.
Allows duplicate members.
•Tuple is a collection which is ordered and
unchangeable. Allows duplicate members.
•Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable*,
and unindexed. No duplicate members.
•Dictionary is a collection which is ordered** and
changeable. No duplicate members.