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PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ

Grade Computation
PRELIM RAW SCORE (PRS) = CLASS STANDING + PRELIM EXAM
CLASS STANDING = Quiz + Lab + Seatwork
Quiz (25%) = [(
Lab (15%) = [(
Seatwork (10%) = [(
PRELIM GRADE =
MIDTERM MOVING RAW SCORE (MMRS) = CLASS STANDING + MIDTERM EXAM
MIDTERM RAW SCORE (MRS) =
MIDTERM GRADE =
Grade Computation
FINAL MOVING RAW SCORE (FMRS) = CLASS STANDING + MIDTERM EXAM
FINAL RAW SCORE (FRS) =
FINAL GRADE =
Introduction
CONCRETE
It is a mixture of sand, gravel, aggregates, and crush rocks held together in a rocklike mass with a paste of
cement and water. Sometimes ADDMIXTURES are added to change certain characteristics of the concrete
such as workability, durability, and time of hardening.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
It is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking
in concrete. Steel reinforcing is also capable of resisting compression forces and is used in columns as well as
in other situation.
Properties of Concrete
A. Compressive strength, f’c or fc’
• It is the capacity of structure or material to withstand pushing forces that are axially directed. It
is the maximum stress a material can sustain under crashing load.
• The compressive strength of concrete is determined by testing to failure a 28-day-old 6 by 12 inch
concrete cylinder (standard size).
• Common values of f’c 𝞼
3 ksi
4 ksi
5 ksi Ultimate Compressive Strength, f’c
• Conversion
1 ksi = 6.895 Mpa
Elastic Limit
1 ksi = 1000 psi
0.5f’c Breaking point
Proportionality Limit
• Slope = modulus of elasticity

=
𝞮
Concrete stress-strain relationship
B. Static Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus), Ec
• Ratio of the axial stress to axial strain for a material subjected to uni-axial load
 Normal weight concrete (2300 kg/):
Ec = 4700𝞴 (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.b)
 For values of Wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/:
Ec = (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.a)
Note:
𝞴 = 1.0 (Normal Weight Concrete)
𝞴 = 0.75 (Light Weight Concrete)
Properties of Steel
A. Strength
• Yield strength is the most common property of which the designer will need as it as the basis used
for most for the rules given in design codes.
 SIZES OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS (PHILIPPINE STANDARD)

• 10 mm
• 12 mm
• 16 mm
• 20 mm
• 25 mm
• 28 mm
• 32 mm
• 36 mm
• 42 mm
• 58 mm
Properties of Steel
A. Commercial Yield Strength, fy 𝞼
Actual Rupture Point
Intermediate Grade 2010 NSCP 2015 NSCP
(ASTM Gr. 40/ Gr. Ultimate Strength
275) fy = 275 Mpa fy = 280 Mpa
High-Carbon Grade
(ASTM Gr. 60/ Gr. fy = 415 Mpa fy = 420 Mpa
415)
Yield Point
Elastic Limit Rupture Point
B. Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Proportionality Limit
Es = 200,000 Mpa
𝞮
Steel stress-strain relationship
WORKING STRESS DESIGN/
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
PRINCIPLES
ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ

Classification of Beam
A. BASED ON REINFORCEMENT
SINGLY-REINFORCED DOUBLY-REINFORCED BEAM

BEAM
Reinforced only in the tension Reinforced both in the tension and

zone. compression zone.
Classification of Beam
B. BASED ON SHAPE
RECTANGULAR BEAM NON-RECTANGULAR BEAM

Three Modes of Design
• Balanced Condition
MC = MS
• Under-reinforced Condition
MC > MS
• Over – reinforced Condition

MC < MS
BEAM CRSS-SECTION
b
b = base
h = total depth/ depth
d= effective depth
cc = concrete cover/ clear cover
d
Note: concrete cover/ clear cover is not the same as
h effective cover.
Effective cover/steel cover is from the extreme fiber of

the beam to the centroid of the streel reinforcement.
cc
PROVISION ON CLEAR COVERS (NSCP 2015)
420.6.1.3 Specified Concrete Cover Requirements
420.6.1.3.1 Non-prestressed cast-in-place concrete members shall have specified concrete cover for reinforcement at least
that given in Table 420.6.1.3.1
CONCRETE COVER MEMBER REINFORCEMENT SPECIFIED COVER (mm)
Cast against and permanently All All 75
in contact with ground
Exposed to weather or in All 20mm Ø through 58mm Ø 50

contact with ground bars
16mm Ø bar, MW200 or 40

MD200 wire, and smaller
Not exposed to weather or in Slabs, joints, and walls 40mm Ø and 58mm Ø bars 40
contact with ground
36mm Ø bars and smaller
Beams, columns, pedestals, 20
and tension ties Primary reinforcement,
stirrups, ties, spirals and
hoops 40
FLEXURAL ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
• Stage 1: Uncracked Concrete Stage
Ma < Mcr
fb = < fr
Where:
Ma = actual moment
Mcr = Cracking moment
= moment that the beam should experience to subject the cracking along tension side.
fb = bending stress
Ig = gross moment of inertia
fr = modulus of rupture
= corresponding bending stress under cracking moment
• Stage 2: Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses Stage
Ma Mcr
fb = fr
• Modular Ratio, n :
Ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to modulus of elasticity of concrete.
n=
Stress
𝑓𝑠
𝑛
• Stage 3: Ultimate Strength Stage
Cracking already reached the compression zone.
Stress
N.A
fy or fs
Allowable Stresses
• Concrete(f’c):
Flexural Members (Beams, Slab, footings) = 0.45f’c

Compression Members (Column) = 0.25f’c
• Steel (fs):
Flexural Members (Beams, Slab, Footings) = 0.5fy

Compression Members (Column) = 0.4fy
Assumptions
1. Plane section remains plane before and after bending.

2. Concrete stress varies from zero at the neutral axis to a maximum at the
extreme fiber.
3. Concrete do not carry tensile stress. All tensile stress will be carried by the
steel reinforcement.
4. The steel and concrete are perfectly bonded so that no slippage between the
two will occur.
• Stage 2: Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses Stage
kd
Location of the neutral axis
• FOR SINGLY REINFORCED BEAM (SRB):
1. QC = QT
Where:
Q = static moment of area (area*centroid)
2. Determine the cracked moment of inertia
Icr = Ic + IT
3. Apply the formula for bending stress

Codes for Alternate Design Method (NSCP 2015)
• 429.6.1 Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis, except for deep flexural
members with overall depth-span ratios greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for
simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be considered.
• 429.3.1 Load factors and strength reduction factors shall be taken as unity for members
designed by Alternate Design Method
• 429.6.2 Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under service loads within
permissible service load stresses.
• 429.6.3 In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no tension.
• 429.6.4 It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio, n = Es/Ec, as the nearest whole
number (but NOT less than 6). Except for calculations for deflections, value of n for
lightweight concrete shall be assumed to be the same as for normal weight concrete of the
same strength.
• For normal weight concrete, Ec shall be permitted to be taken as Ec = 4700
EXAMPLE NO. 1
A reinforced concrete beam 6m in length and 300mm x 550mm in cross section is reinforced
with 4 - 32mm Ø supports an axle load of 50kN and 80kN on a wheel base of 3m. Using steel
cover of 75mm, fc' = 28MPa, fs = 138MPa. Let fc = 0.45f’c
A. Determine the moment capacity of the beam.
B. Determine the mode of design.
C. Check the adequacy of the beam.
EXAMPLE NO. 2
T beam section with data listed below: Width of flange = 600 mm, Thickness of flange = 80
mm Width of web b = 300n , Effective depth = 500mm It is reinforced with 3-32 mmØ bars in
tension and it is carrying a 100 kN-m positive moment. Use n = 9
A. Determine location of the neutral axis from the top.
B. Determine the cracked moment of inertia of the section, in 106 mm4.
C. Find the total compressive force in the concrete.
EXAMPLE NO. 3
Given a propped beam with b = 280mm and h = 450mm. The beam has a length of 7m. The
beam is reinforced with 3 - 28mm at the tension side and 2-25mm at the compression side.
Using a steel cover of 70mm. fc' = 21MPa, fy = 276MPa. Use 24kN/m3 as unit weight of
concrete. Super Imposed Deadload = 10kN/m, Live load = 13kN/m Using Alternate Design
method:
A. Determine the distance of the outermost compression fiber from the neutral axis.
B. Determine the transformed moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis.
C. Determine the actual stress of concrete.
D. Determine the actual stress of tension steel. E. Determine the actual stress of compression
steel.

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PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED/

ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ

MIDTERM MOVING RAW SCORE (MMRS) = CLASS STANDING + MIDTERM EXAM

MIDTERM RAW SCORE (MRS) =

FINAL RAW SCORE (FRS) =

• Slope = modulus of elasticity

 Normal weight concrete (2300 kg/):

Ec = 4700𝞴 (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.b)

 For values of Wc between 1440 and 2560 kg/:

Ec = (NSCP 2015, Section 419.2.2.1.a)

 SIZES OF REINFORCING STEEL BARS (PHILIPPINE STANDARD)

B. Modulus of Elasticity of Steel Proportionality Limit

ENGR. LESTER L. RAMIREZ

SINGLY-REINFORCED DOUBLY-REINFORCED BEAM

Reinforced only in the tension Reinforced both in the tension and

RECTANGULAR BEAM NON-RECTANGULAR BEAM

• Over – reinforced Condition

Effective cover/steel cover is from the extreme fiber of

Exposed to weather or in All 20mm Ø through 58mm Ø 50

16mm Ø bar, MW200 or 40

Flexural Members (Beams, Slab, footings) = 0.45f’c

Flexural Members (Beams, Slab, Footings) = 0.5fy

1. Plane section remains plane before and after bending.

2. Determine the cracked moment of inertia

3. Apply the formula for bending stress

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